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from a local point of view

  • 1 local

    1. adjective
    1) lokal (bes. Zeitungsw.); Lokal[teil, -nachrichten, -sender]; Kommunal[politiker, -wahl, -abgaben]; (of this area) hiesig; (of that area) dortig; ortsansässig [Firma, Familie]; [Wein, Produkt, Spezialität] [aus] der Gegend

    she's a local girl — sie ist von hier/dort

    local resident — Anwohner, der/Anwohnerin, die

    local bus — (serving immediate area) Nahverkehrsbus, der

    2) (Med.) lokal [Schmerzen, Entzündung]; örtlich [Betäubung]
    2. noun
    1) (inhabitant) Einheimische, der/die
    2) (Brit. coll.): (pub) [Stamm]kneipe, die
    * * *
    ['ləukəl]
    (belonging to a certain place or district: The local shops are very good; local problems.) Orts-...
    - academic.ru/43500/locally">locally
    - locality
    - locate
    - location
    - on location
    * * *
    lo·cal
    [ˈləʊkəl, AM ˈloʊ-]
    I. adj
    1. (neighbourhood) hiesig, örtlich
    \local accent/dialect/custom hiesiger Akzent/Dialekt/Brauch
    \local celebrity örtliche Berühmtheit
    the \local gentry BRIT ( dated) der ortsansässige [o hiesige] Adel
    \local hero Lokalmatador m
    \local jurisdiction regionale Gerichtsbarkeit
    a \local legend eine hiesige Legende
    \local official Kommunalbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f
    the \local police die örtliche Polizei
    \local politics Kommunalpolitik f
    \local radio station Lokalsender m
    \local television station Regionalfernsehen nt
    \local branch Filiale f; of a bank, shop Zweigstelle f, Zweigniederlassung f
    2. MED lokale Infektion
    \local pain lokaler Schmerz
    \local swelling lokale Schwellung
    3. COMPUT lokal, Lokal-, lokal-
    II. n
    1. usu pl (inhabitant) Ortsansässige(r) f(m), Einheimische(r) f(m)
    2. BRIT ( fam: pub) Stammlokal nt, Stammkneipe f fam, Stammbeisl nt ÖSTERR, Stammbeiz f SCHWEIZ fam, Dorfkrug m NORDD
    3. (bus) Bus m; (in the inner city) Stadtbus m; (in the immediate locality) Nahverkehrsbus m; (train) Nahverkehrszug m
    4. AM (trade union) örtliches Gewerkschaftsbüro
    she's a member of union \local 1103 sie ist ein Mitglied des Gewerkschaftsbüros Nummer 1103
    5. STOCKEX Börsenmitglied, das nur auf eigene Rechnung handelt
    * * *
    ['ləUkəl]
    1. adj
    örtlich; (= in this area) hiesig; (= in that area) dortig; anaesthetic lokal, örtlich

    he's a local man — er ist ein Ortsansässiger, er ist von hier (inf)

    it's only of local interest — es ist nur für die Einheimischen interessant

    the latest local gossip — der neueste Klatsch (hier/dort)

    vote for your local candidate —

    accents with the usual local variations — Dialekte mit den üblichen regionalen Unterschieden

    one of our local sons — einer der Söhne unserer Gemeinde/Stadt

    we used the local shops when we were in Spain —

    the local shops aren't very good — die dortigen/hiesigen Geschäfte sind nicht sehr gut

    what are their main local products there? — was wird dort (in der Gegend) hauptsächlich erzeugt?

    the best local wine —

    the local wine over there will make you sick — von dem dortigen Wein wird es einem schlecht

    2. n
    1) (Brit inf

    = pub) the local (in village) — der Dorfkrug, die Dorfkneipe (inf); (in community) das Stammlokal

    our local — unsere Stammkneipe (inf), unser Stammlokal nt

    2) (born in) Einheimische(r) mf; (living in) Einwohner(in) m(f)
    3) (MED inf = local anaesthetic) örtliche Betäubung
    4) (US) (= branch) Zweigstelle f; (= train) Nahverkehrszug m
    * * *
    local [ˈləʊkl]
    A adj (adv → locally)
    1. lokal, örtlich, Lokal…, Orts…:
    local adverb LING lokales Adverb, Umstandswort n des Ortes;
    local area network lokales (Rechner)Netz;
    local authority POL Br Kommunalbehörde f;
    local bill ( oder draft) WIRTSCH Platzwechsel m;
    local branch Zweigstelle f, Filiale f;
    local bus Nahverkehrsbus m;
    local call TEL Ortsgespräch n;
    local derby SPORT Lokalderby n;
    local elections Kommunalwahlen;
    local examination SCHULE Br von einer Universitätskommission abgehaltene Prüfung an einer höheren Schule;
    a) Gemeinde-, Kommunalverwaltung f,
    b) örtliche Selbstverwaltung;
    local hero besonders SPORT Lokalmatador(in);
    local news pl (als sg konstruiert) Lokalnachrichten pl;
    local newspaper Lokalzeitung f;
    local oscillator ELEK eingebauter Oszillator;
    local patriotism Lokalpatriotismus m;
    local politician Lokal-, Kommunalpolitiker(in);
    local politics pl (oft als sg konstruiert) Lokal-, Kommunalpolitik f;
    local rate TEL Ortstarif m;
    local rival SPORT Ortsrivale m, -rivalin f;
    local rivalry SPORT Lokalrivalität f;
    local tax US Kommunalsteuer f;
    local time Ortszeit f;
    local traffic Lokal-, Orts-, Nahverkehr m;
    a) Nahverkehrszug m,
    b) Personenzug m; → color A 5, option 1
    2. Orts…, ortsansässig, hiesig:
    the local hotels die Hotels am Ort;
    he’s a local man er stammt aus der Gegend;
    local team SPORT einheimische Mannschaft
    3. lokal, örtlich (beschränkt), Lokal…:
    local an(a)esthesia MED Lokalanästhesie f, örtliche Betäubung;
    local custom ortsüblicher Brauch;
    local expression LING Lokalismus m;
    local inflammation MED örtliche oder lokale Entzündung
    4. lokal(patriotisch):
    from a local point of view von einem rein lokalen Gesichtspunkt aus
    B s
    1. a) Nahverkehrsbus m
    b) Nahverkehrs- oder Personenzug m
    2. Zeitung: besonders US Lokalnachricht f
    3. RADIO, TV US Regionalprogramm n
    4. US Ortsgruppe f, -verband m (einer Gewerkschaft etc)
    5. a) Ortsansässige(r) m/f(m), Einheimische(r) m/f(m)
    b) pl SPORT US einheimische Mannschaft
    6. Br umg (nächstgelegene) Kneipe, besonders Stammkneipe f
    7. MED örtliche Betäubung
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) lokal (bes. Zeitungsw.); Lokal[teil, -nachrichten, -sender]; Kommunal[politiker, -wahl, -abgaben]; (of this area) hiesig; (of that area) dortig; ortsansässig [Firma, Familie]; [Wein, Produkt, Spezialität] [aus] der Gegend

    she's a local girl — sie ist von hier/dort

    local resident — Anwohner, der/Anwohnerin, die

    local bus — (serving immediate area) Nahverkehrsbus, der

    2) (Med.) lokal [Schmerzen, Entzündung]; örtlich [Betäubung]
    2. noun
    1) (inhabitant) Einheimische, der/die
    2) (Brit. coll.): (pub) [Stamm]kneipe, die
    * * *
    (pub, bar) n.
    Stammkneipe f. adj.
    hiesig adj.
    lokal (Mathematik) adj.
    lokal adj.
    ortsansässig adj.
    örtlich adj.
    örtliches adj.

    English-german dictionary > local

  • 2 from

    preposition
    1) (expr. starting point) von; (from within) aus

    [come] from Paris/Munich — aus Paris/München [kommen]

    2) (expr. beginning) von

    from the year 1972 we never saw him again — seit 1972 haben wir ihn nie mehr [wieder]gesehen

    from tomorrow [until...] — von morgen an [bis...]

    start work from 2 August — am 2. August anfangen zu arbeiten

    3) (expr. lower limit) von

    blouses [ranging] from £2 to £5 — Blusen [im Preis] zwischen 2 und 5 Pfund

    dresses from £20 [upwards] — Kleider von 20 Pfund aufwärts od. ab 20 Pfund

    from 4 to 6 eggs — 4 bis 6 Eier

    from the age of 18 [upwards] — ab 18 Jahre od. Jahren

    from a child — (since childhood) schon als Kind

    4) (expr. distance) von
    5) (expr. removal, avoidance) von; (expr. escape) vor (+ Dat.)
    6) (expr. change) von

    from... to... — von... zu...; (relating to price) von... auf...

    from crisis to crisis, from one crisis to another — von einer Krise zur anderen

    7) (expr. source, origin) aus

    buy everything from the same shop — alles im selben Laden kaufen

    where do you come from?, where are you from? — woher kommen Sie?

    8) (expr. viewpoint) von [... aus]
    9) (expr. giver, sender) von

    take it from me that... — lass dir gesagt sein, dass...

    10) (after the model of)

    painted from life/nature — nach dem Leben/nach der Natur gemalt

    11) (expr. reason, cause)

    she was weak from hunger/tired from so much work — sie war schwach vor Hunger/müde von der vielen Arbeit

    from what I can see/have heard... — wie ich das sehe/wie ich gehört habe,...

    12) with adv. von [unten, oben, innen, außen]
    13) with prep.

    from behind/under[neath] something — hinter/unter etwas (Dat.) hervor

    * * *
    [from]
    1) (used before the place, thing, person, time etc that is the point at which an action, journey, period of time etc begins: from Europe to Asia; from Monday to Friday; a letter from her father.) von
    2) (used to indicate that from which something or someone comes: a quotation from Shakespeare.) von
    3) (used to indicate separation: Take it from him.) von
    4) (used to indicate a cause or reason: He is suffering from a cold.) an,von
    * * *
    [frɒm, frəm, AM frɑ:m, frəm]
    1. (off) von + dat
    please get me that letter \from the table gib mir bitte den Brief von dem Tisch; (out of) aus + dat
    he took a handkerchief \from his pocket er nahm ein Taschentuch aus seiner Hosentasche
    I'm so happy that the baby eats \from the table already ich bin so froh, dass das Baby jetzt schon am Tisch isst
    2. (as seen from) von dat... [aus]
    you can see the island \from here von hier aus kann man die Insel sehen; ( fig)
    she was talking \from her own experience of the problem sie sprach aus eigener Erfahrung mit dem Problem
    \from sb's point of view aus jds Sicht
    3. after vb (as starting location) von + dat
    the wind comes \from the north der Wind kommt von Norden
    a flight leaving \from the nearest airport ein Flug vom nächstgelegenen Flughafen
    the flight \from Amsterdam der Flug von Amsterdam
    the water bubbled out \from the spring das Wasser sprudelte aus der Quelle
    ▪ \from sth to sth (between places) von etw dat nach etw dat
    my dad goes often \from Washington to Florida mein Vater reist oft von Washington nach Florida; (indicating desultoriness) von etw dat in etw dat
    the woman walked \from room to room die Frau lief vom einen Raum in den anderen
    4. (as starting time) von + dat
    , ab + dat
    the price will rise by 3p a litre \from tomorrow der Preis steigt ab morgen um 3 Pence pro Liter
    \from the thirteenth century aus dem dreizehnten Jahrhundert
    ▪ \from sth to sth von etw dat bis etw dat
    the show will run \from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. die Show dauert von 10.00 Uhr bis 14.00 Uhr
    \from start to finish vom Anfang bis zum Ende
    \from day to day von Tag zu Tag, täglich
    her strength improved steadily \from day to day sie wurden jeden Tag ein bisschen stärker
    \from hour to hour von Stunde zu Stunde, stündlich
    \from time to time von Zeit zu Zeit, ab und zu
    \from that day [or time] on[wards] von diesem Tag [an], seitdem
    they were friends \from that day on seit diesem Tag sind sie Freunde
    \from now/then on von da an, seither
    as \from... esp BRIT ab... + dat
    as \from 1 January, a free market will be created ab dem 1. Januar haben wir einen freien Markt
    5. (as starting condition) bei + dat
    prices start \from £2.99 die Preise beginnen bei 2,99 Pfund
    ▪ \from sth to sth von etw dat auf etw dat
    the number has risen \from 25 to 200 in three years die Anzahl ist in drei Jahren von 25 auf 200 gestiegen
    she translated into German \from the Latin text sie übersetzte aus dem Lateinischen ins Deutsche
    things went \from bad to worse die Situation wurde noch schlimmer
    \from strength to strength immer besser
    she has gone \from strength to strength sie eilte von Erfolg zu Erfolg
    tickets will cost \from $10 to $45 die Karten kosten zwischen 10 und 45 Dollar
    \from soup to nuts alles zusammen
    the whole dinner, \from soup to nuts, costs $55 das ganze Essen mit allem drum und dran kostet 55 Dollar
    anything \from geography to history alles von A bis Z
    6. after n (at distance to) von + dat
    we're about a mile \from home wir sind ca. eine Meile von zu Hause entfernt
    a day's walk \from her camping spot eine Tageswanderung von ihrem Zeltplatz
    ▪ \from sth to sth von etw dat zu etw dat
    it's about two kilometres \from the airport to your hotel der Flughafen ist rund zwei Kilometer vom Hotel entfernt
    ▪ \from sth aus + dat
    though \from working-class parents, he made it to the Fortune 500 list obwohl er als Arbeiterkind aufwuchs, ist er heute unter den 500 Reichsten der Welt
    my mother is \from France meine Mutter stammt aus Frankreich
    I'm \from New York ich komme aus New York
    daylight comes \from the sun das Tageslicht kommt von der Sonne
    8. after vb (in temporary location) von + dat
    , aus + dat
    he hasn't returned \from work yet er ist noch nicht von der Arbeit zurück
    she called him \from the hotel sie rief mich aus dem Hotel an
    they're here fresh \from the States sie sind gerade aus den USA angekommen
    his return \from the army was celebrated seine Rückkehr aus der Armee wurde gefeiert
    ▪ sb \from sth von + dat
    they sent someone \from the local newspaper sie schickten jemanden von der örtlichen Zeitung
    9. after vb (as source) von + dat
    can I borrow $10 \from you? kann ich mir 10 Dollar von dir leihen?
    the vegetables come \from an organic farm das Gemüse kommt von einem Biobauernhof
    ▪ sth \from sb [to sb/sth] etw von jdm (für jdn/etw)
    I wonder who this card is \from ich frage mich, von wem wohl diese Karte ist
    this is a present \from me to you das ist ein Geschenk von mir für dich
    ▪ \from sth aus etw dat
    the seats are made \from leather die Sitze sind aus Leder
    in America, most people buy toys \from plastic in Amerika kaufen die meisten Leute Spielzeug aus Plastik
    11. after vb (removed from) aus + dat
    to extract usable fuel \from crude oil verwertbaren Brennstoff aus Rohöl gewinnen
    they took the child \from its parents sie nahmen das Kind von seinen Eltern weg
    he knows right \from wrong er kann gut und böse unterscheiden
    sth [subtracted] \from sth MATH etw minus etw dat
    three \from sixteen is thirteen sechzehn minus drei ist dreizehn
    12. (considering) aufgrund + gen
    , wegen + gen
    to conclude \from the evidence that aufgrund des Beweismaterials zu dem Schluss kommen, dass
    to make a conclusion from sth wegen einer S. gen zu einem Schluss kommen
    information obtained \from papers and books Informationen aus Zeitungen und Büchern
    \from looking at the clouds, I would say it's going to rain wenn ich mir die Wolken so ansehe, würde ich sagen, es wird Regen geben
    13. after vb (caused by) an + dat
    he died \from his injuries er starb an seinen Verletzungen
    she suffers \from arthritis sie leidet unter Arthritis
    ▪ to do sth \from sth etw aus etw dat tun
    he did it \from jealousy er hat es aus Eifersucht getan
    ▪ to do sth \from doing sth etw durch etw akk tun
    she made her fortune \from investing in property sie hat ihr Vermögen durch Investitionen in Grundstücke gemacht
    to get sick \from salmonella sich akk mit Salmonellen infizieren
    to reduce the risk \from radiation das Risiko einer Verstrahlung reduzieren
    they got a lot of happiness \from hearing the news sie haben sich über die Neuigkeiten unheimlich gefreut
    14. after vb (indicating protection) vor + dat
    to guard sb \from sth jdn vor etw dat schützen
    they insulated their house \from the cold sie dämmten ihr Haus gegen die Kälte
    they found shelter \from the storm sie fanden Schutz vor dem Sturm
    15. after vb (indicating prevention) vor + dat
    the truth was kept \from the public die Wahrheit wurde vor der Öffentlichkeit geheim gehalten
    the bank loan saved her company \from bankruptcy das Bankdarlehen rettete die Firma vor der Pleite
    he saved him \from death er rettete ihm das Leben
    he has been banned \from driving for six months er darf sechs Monate lang nicht Auto fahren
    ▪ \from doing sth von etw dat
    he boss tried to discourage her \from looking for a new job ihr Chef versuchte, sie davon abzubringen, nach einem neuen Job zu suchen
    16. after vb (indicating distinction) von + dat
    conditions vary \from one employer to another die Bedingungen sind von Arbeitgeber zu Arbeitgeber unterschiedlich
    he knows his friends \from his enemies er kann seine Freunde von seinen Feinden unterscheiden
    his opinion could hardly be more different \from mine unsere Meinungen könnten kaum noch unterschiedlicher sein
    17.
    ▶ \from the bottom of one's heart aus tiefstem Herzen
    * * *
    [frɒm]
    prep

    he/the train has come from London — er/der Zug ist von London gekommen

    he/it comes or is from Germany — er/es kommt or ist aus Deutschland

    where have you come from today? — von wo sind Sie heute gekommen?

    where does he come from?, where is he from? — woher kommt or stammt er?

    a representative from the company — ein Vertreter/eine Vertreterin der Firma

    2) (indicating time, in past) seit (+dat); (in future) ab (+dat), von (+dat)... an

    from... on — ab...

    from now on — von jetzt an, ab jetzt

    from then on — von da an; (in past also) seither

    from his childhood — von Kindheit an, von klein auf

    as from the 6th May — vom 6. Mai an, ab (dem) 6. Mai

    3) (indicating distance) von (+dat) (... weg); (from town etc) von (+dat)... (entfernt)
    4) (indicating sender, giver) von (+dat)

    tell him from me —

    "from..." (on envelope, parcel) — "Absender...", "Abs...."

    5) (indicating removal) von (+dat); (= out of from pocket, cupboard etc) aus (+dat)

    to take/grab etc sth from sb — jdm etw wegnehmen/wegreißen etc

    he took it from the top/middle/bottom of the pile — er nahm es oben vom Stapel/aus der Mitte des Stapels/unten vom Stapel weg

    6) (indicating source) von (+dat); (= out of) aus (+dat)

    where did you get that from? — wo hast du das her?, woher hast du das?

    I got it from the supermarket/the library/Kathy — ich habe es aus dem Supermarkt/aus der Bücherei/von Kathy

    to drink from a stream/glass — aus einem Bach/Glas trinken

    quotation from "Hamlet"/the Bible/Shakespeare — Zitat nt aus "Hamlet"/aus der Bibel/nach Shakespeare

    made from... — aus... hergestellt

    7) (= modelled on) nach (+dat)
    8) (indicating lowest amount) ab (+dat)

    from £2/the age of 16 (upwards) — ab £ 2/16 Jahren (aufwärts)

    dresses (ranging) from £60 to £80 — Kleider pl zwischen £ 60 und £ 80

    9)

    (indicating escape) he fled from the enemy — er floh vor dem Feind

    10)

    (indicating change) things went from bad to worse — es wurde immer schlimmer

    11)

    (indicating difference) he is quite different from the others — er ist ganz anders als die andern

    I like all sports, from swimming to wrestling — ich mag alle Sportarten, von Schwimmen bis Ringen

    12)

    (= because of, due to) to act from compassion — aus Mitleid handeln

    13)

    (= on the basis of) from experience — aus Erfahrung

    to judge from recent reports... — nach neueren Berichten zu urteilen...

    to conclude from the information — aus den Informationen einen Schluss ziehen, von den Informationen schließen

    from what I heard —

    from what I can see... — nach dem, was ich sehen kann...

    from the look of things... — (so) wie die Sache aussieht...

    14) (MATH)

    £10 will be deducted from your account — £ 10 werden von Ihrem Konto abgebucht

    15)

    (in set phrases, see also other element) to prevent/stop sb from doing sth — jdn daran hindern/davon zurückhalten, etw zu tun

    he prevented me from coming — er hielt mich davon ab, zu kommen

    16) +adv von

    from inside/underneath — von innen/unten

    17) +prep

    from above or over/across sth — über etw (acc) hinweg

    from out of sth —

    from inside/outside the house — von drinnen/draußen

    * * *
    from [frɒm; unbetont frəm; US frɑm; frəm] präp
    1. von, aus, von … aus oder her, aus … heraus, von oder aus … herab:
    from the well aus dem Brunnen;
    from the sky vom Himmel;
    he is ( oder comes) from London er ist oder kommt aus London;
    from crisis to crisis von einer Krise in die andere
    2. von, von … an, seit:
    from 2 to 4 o’clock von 2 bis 4 Uhr;
    from day to day von Tag zu Tag;
    a month from today heute in einem Monat;
    from Monday (onward[s]) Br, from Monday on US ab Montag
    3. von … an:
    I saw from 10 to 20 boats ich sah 10 bis 20 Boote;
    good wines from £5 gute Weine von 5 Pfund an (aufwärts)
    4. (weg oder entfernt) von:
    ten miles from Rome 10 Meilen von Rom (weg oder entfernt)
    5. von, aus, aus … heraus:
    he took it from me er nahm es mir weg;
    stolen from the shop (the table) aus dem Laden (vom Tisch) gestohlen;
    they released him from prison sie entließen ihn aus dem Gefängnis
    6. von, aus (Wandlung):
    change from red to green von Rot zu Grün übergehen;
    from dishwasher to millionaire vom Tellerwäscher zum Millionär;
    an increase from 5 to 8 per cent eine Steigerung von 5 auf 8 Prozent
    he does not know black from white er kann Schwarz und Weiß nicht auseinanderhalten, er kann Schwarz und oder von Weiß nicht unterscheiden; → academic.ru/637/Adam">Adam, different 2, tell A 8
    8. von, aus, aus … heraus (Quelle):
    draw a conclusion from the evidence einen Schluss aus dem Beweismaterial ziehen;
    from what he said nach dem, was er sagte;
    a quotation from Shakespeare ein Zitat aus Shakespeare;
    four points from four games SPORT vier Punkte aus vier Spielen
    9. von, von … aus (Stellung):
    from his point of view von seinem Standpunkt (aus)
    10. von (Geben etc):
    a gift from his son ein Geschenk seines Sohnes oder von seinem Sohn
    11. nach:
    painted from nature nach der Natur gemalt;
    from a novel by … ( FILM, TV) nach einem Roman von …
    12. aus, vor (dat), wegen (gen), infolge von, an (dat) (Grund):
    he died from fatigue er starb vor Erschöpfung
    13. siehe die Verbindungen mit den einzelnen Verben etc
    f. abk
    1. SCHIFF fathom
    2. feet pl
    3. LING female
    6. foot
    7. PHYS frequency
    8. from
    fm abk
    2. from
    fr. abk
    3. from
    * * *
    preposition
    1) (expr. starting point) von; (from within) aus

    [come] from Paris/Munich — aus Paris/München [kommen]

    2) (expr. beginning) von

    from the year 1972 we never saw him again — seit 1972 haben wir ihn nie mehr [wieder]gesehen

    from tomorrow [until...] — von morgen an [bis...]

    start work from 2 August — am 2. August anfangen zu arbeiten

    3) (expr. lower limit) von

    blouses [ranging] from £2 to £5 — Blusen [im Preis] zwischen 2 und 5 Pfund

    dresses from £20 [upwards] — Kleider von 20 Pfund aufwärts od. ab 20 Pfund

    from the age of 18 [upwards] — ab 18 Jahre od. Jahren

    from a child — (since childhood) schon als Kind

    4) (expr. distance) von
    5) (expr. removal, avoidance) von; (expr. escape) vor (+ Dat.)
    6) (expr. change) von

    from... to... — von... zu...; (relating to price) von... auf...

    from crisis to crisis, from one crisis to another — von einer Krise zur anderen

    7) (expr. source, origin) aus

    where do you come from?, where are you from? — woher kommen Sie?

    8) (expr. viewpoint) von [... aus]
    9) (expr. giver, sender) von

    take it from me that... — lass dir gesagt sein, dass...

    painted from life/nature — nach dem Leben/nach der Natur gemalt

    11) (expr. reason, cause)

    she was weak from hunger/tired from so much work — sie war schwach vor Hunger/müde von der vielen Arbeit

    from what I can see/have heard... — wie ich das sehe/wie ich gehört habe,...

    12) with adv. von [unten, oben, innen, außen]
    13) with prep.

    from behind/under[neath] something — hinter/unter etwas (Dat.) hervor

    * * *
    prep.
    aus präp.
    von präp.
    vor präp.

    English-german dictionary > from

  • 3 from

    [frɒm, frəm, Am frɑ:m, frəm] prep
    1) ( off) von +dat;
    please get me that letter \from the table gib mir bitte den Brief von dem Tisch;
    ( out of) aus +dat;
    he took a handkerchief \from his pocket er nahm ein Taschentuch aus seiner Hosentasche after vb
    I'm so happy that the baby eats \from the table already ich bin so froh, dass das Baby jetzt schon am Tisch isst
    2) ( as seen from) von dat... [aus];
    you can see the island \from here von hier aus kann man die Insel sehen; ( fig)
    she was talking \from her own experience of the problem sie sprach aus eigener Erfahrung mit dem Problem;
    \from sb's point of view aus jds Sicht
    the wind comes \from the north der Wind kommt von Norden;
    a flight leaving \from the nearest airport ein Flug vom nächstgelegenen Flughafen after n
    the flight \from Amsterdam der Flug von Amsterdam;
    the water bubbled out \from the spring das Wasser sprudelte aus der Quelle;
    \from sth to sth ( between places) von etw dat nach etw dat;
    my dad goes often \from Washington to Florida mein Vater reist oft von Washington nach Florida;
    ( indicating desultoriness) von etw dat in etw dat;
    the woman walked \from room to room die Frau lief vom einen Raum in den anderen
    4) ( as starting time) von +dat, ab +dat;
    the price will rise by 3p a litre \from tomorrow der Preis steigt ab morgen um 3 Pence pro Liter;
    \from the thirteenth century aus dem dreizehnten Jahrhundert;
    \from sth to sth von etw dat bis etw dat;
    the show will run \from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. die Show dauert von 10.00 Uhr bis 14.00 Uhr;
    \from start to finish vom Anfang bis zum Ende;
    \from day to day von Tag zu Tag, täglich;
    her strength improved steadily \from day to day sie wurden jeden Tag ein bisschen stärker;
    \from hour to hour von Stunde zu Stunde, stündlich;
    \from time to time von Zeit zu Zeit, ab und zu;
    \from that day [or time] on[wards] von diesem Tag [an], seitdem;
    they were friends \from that day on seit diesem Tag sind sie Freunde;
    \from now/ then on von da an, seither;
    as \from... ( esp Brit) ab... +dat;
    as \from 1 January, a free market will be created ab dem 1. Januar haben wir einen freien Markt
    5) ( as starting condition) bei +dat;
    prices start \from £2.99 die Preise beginnen bei 2,99 Pfund;
    \from sth to sth von etw dat auf etw dat;
    the number has risen \from 25 to 200 in three years die Anzahl ist in drei Jahren von 25 auf 200 gestiegen;
    she translated into German \from the Latin text sie übersetzte aus dem Lateinischen ins Deutsche;
    things went \from bad to worse die Situation wurde noch schlimmer;
    \from strength to strength immer besser;
    she has gone \from strength to strength sie eilte von Erfolg zu Erfolg;
    tickets will cost \from $10 to $45 die Karten kosten zwischen $10 und $45;
    \from soup to nuts alles zusammen;
    the whole dinner, \from soup to nuts, costs $55 das ganze Essen mit allem drum und dran kostet $55;
    anything \from geography to history alles von A bis Z
    6) after n ( at distance to) von +dat;
    we're about a mile \from home wir sind ca. eine Meile von zu Hause entfernt;
    a day's walk \from her camping spot eine Tageswanderung von ihrem Zeltplatz;
    \from sth to sth von etw dat zu etw dat;
    it's about two kilometres \from the airport to your hotel der Flughafen ist rund zwei Kilometer vom Hotel entfernt
    \from sth aus +dat;
    though \from working-class parents, he made it to the Fortune 500 list obwohl er als Arbeiterkind aufwuchs, ist er heute unter den 500 Reichsten der Welt;
    my mother is \from France meine Mutter stammt aus Frankreich;
    I'm \from New York ich komme aus New York;
    daylight comes \from the sun das Tageslicht kommt von der Sonne
    8) after vb ( in temporary location) von +dat, aus +dat;
    he hasn't returned \from work yet er ist noch nicht von der Arbeit zurück;
    she called him \from the hotel sie rief mich aus dem Hotel an after adj
    they're here fresh \from the States sie sind gerade aus den USA angekommen after n
    his return \from the army was celebrated seine Rückkehr aus der Armee wurde gefeiert;
    sb \from sth von +dat;
    they sent someone \from the local newspaper sie schickten jemanden von der örtlichen Zeitung
    9) after vb ( as source) von +dat;
    can I borrow $10 \from you? kann ich mir 10 Dollar von dir leihen?;
    the vegetables come \from an organic farm das Gemüse kommt von einem Biobauernhof after n
    sth \from sb [to sb/sth] etw von jdm (für jdn/etw);
    I wonder who this card is \from ich frage mich, von wem wohl diese Karte ist;
    this is a present \from me to you das ist ein Geschenk von mir für dich
    \from sth aus etw dat;
    the seats are made \from leather die Sitze sind aus Leder after n
    in America, most people buy toys \from plastic in Amerika kaufen die meisten Leute Spielzeug aus Plastik
    11) after vb ( removed from) aus +dat;
    to extract usable fuel \from crude oil verwertbaren Brennstoff aus Rohöl gewinnen;
    they took the child \from its parents sie nahmen das Kind von seinen Eltern weg after adj
    he knows right \from wrong er kann gut und böse unterscheiden;
    sth [subtracted] \from sth math etw minus etw dat;
    three \from sixteen is thirteen sechzehn minus drei ist dreizehn
    12) ( considering) aufgrund +gen, wegen +gen;
    to conclude \from the evidence that aufgrund des Beweismaterials zu dem Schluss kommen, dass;
    to make a conclusion from sth wegen etw gen zu einem Schluss kommen;
    information obtained \from papers and books Informationen aus Zeitungen und Büchern;
    \from looking at the clouds, I would say it's going to rain wenn ich mir die Wolken so ansehe, würde ich sagen, es wird Regen geben
    13) after vb ( caused by) an +dat;
    he died \from his injuries er starb an seinen Verletzungen;
    she suffers \from arthritis sie leidet unter Arthritis;
    to do sth \from sth etw aus etw dat tun;
    he did it \from jealousy er hat es aus Eifersucht getan;
    to do sth \from doing sth etw durch etw akk tun;
    she made her fortune \from investing in property sie hat ihr Vermögen durch Investitionen in Grundstücke gemacht after adj
    to get sick \from salmonella sich akk mit Salmonellen infizieren after n
    to reduce the risk \from radiation das Risiko einer Verstrahlung reduzieren;
    they got a lot of happiness \from hearing the news sie haben sich über die Neuigkeiten unheimlich gefreut
    to guard sb \from sth jdn vor etw dat schützen;
    they insulated their house \from the cold sie dämmten ihr Haus gegen die Kälte after n
    they found shelter \from the storm sie fanden Schutz vor dem Sturm
    the truth was kept \from the public die Wahrheit wurde vor der Öffentlichkeit geheim gehalten;
    the bank loan saved her company \from bankruptcy das Bankdarlehen rettete die Firma vor der Pleite;
    he saved him \from death er rettete ihm das Leben;
    he has been banned \from driving for six months er darf sechs Monate lang nicht Auto fahren;
    \from doing sth von etw dat;
    he boss tried to discourage her \from looking for a new job ihr Chef versuchte, sie davon abzubringen, nach einem neuen Job zu suchen
    conditions vary \from one employer to another die Bedingungen sind von Arbeitgeber zu Arbeitgeber unterschiedlich;
    he knows his friends \from his enemies er kann seine Freunde von seinen Feinden unterscheiden after adj
    his opinion could hardly be more different \from mine unsere Meinungen können kaum noch unterschiedlicher sein
    PHRASES:
    \from the bottom of one's heart aus tiefstem Herzen

    English-German students dictionary > from

  • 4 point

    [point] 1. noun
    1) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) ponta
    2) (a piece of land that projects into the sea etc: The ship came round Lizard Point.) cabo
    3) (a small round dot or mark (.): a decimal point; five point three six (= 5.36); In punctuation, a point is another name for a full stop.) ponto
    4) (an exact place or spot: When we reached this point of the journey we stopped to rest.) ponto
    5) (an exact moment: Her husband walked in at that point.) momento
    6) (a place on a scale especially of temperature: the boiling-point of water.) ponto
    7) (a division on a compass eg north, south-west etc.) ponto
    8) (a mark in scoring a competition, game, test etc: He has won by five points to two.) ponto
    9) (a particular matter for consideration or action: The first point we must decide is, where to meet; That's a good point; You've missed the point; That's the whole point; We're wandering away from the point.) ponto
    10) ((a) purpose or advantage: There's no point (in) asking me - I don't know.) sentido
    11) (a personal characteristic or quality: We all have our good points and our bad ones.) traço
    12) (an electrical socket in a wall etc into which a plug can be put: Is there only one electrical point in this room?) tomada
    2. verb
    1) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) apontar
    2) (to call attention to something especially by stretching the index finger in its direction: He pointed (his finger) at the door; He pointed to a sign.) apontar
    3) (to fill worn places in (a stone or brick wall etc) with mortar.) preencher frinchas
    •
    - pointer
    - pointless
    - pointlessly
    - points
    - be on the point of
    - come to the point
    - make a point of
    - make one's point
    - point out
    - point one's toes
    * * *
    [pɔint] n 1 ponto: a) sinal, mancha. b) Geom grandeza considerada por abstração, sem dimensão alguma. c) circunstância, detalhe, pormenor. d) Sports tento. e) ponto principal, o essencial. f) duodécima parte da linha (1/72 de polegada). g) local, sítio, posição. h) objetivo, escopo, mira. i) desígnio. j) grau, situação. k) fim, termo. l) instante, momento. m) Gram sinal de pontuação. n) furo feito por agulha. o) assunto, caso, questão. p) unidade de valores ou preços. q) renda feita com agulha. r) Naut cada uma das 32 divisões do compasso. s) Naut intervalo entre dois pontos do compasso. t) pinta (de cartas ou dados). u) ponto decimal. 2 ponta: a) extremidade aguçada, bico. b) extremidade, cabo, promontório. 3 pico, cume. 4 fato ou argumento que impressiona. 5 direção, curso. 6 Typogr corpo. 7 decisão, resolução. 8 agulha de ferrovia. 9 ferramenta ou arma pontiaguda. 10 característica, atributo. 11 auge, apogeu. 12 ato de apontar. 13 punctura, picada. 14 Mil patrulha de ponta. • vt+vi 1 apontar: a) fazer ponta em, aguçar. b) indicar, mostrar. c) dirigir para, assestar. d) mostrar indicando. e) dirigir-se com a ponta para. 2 separar com pontos ou traços. 3 pontuar. 4 aludir, mencionar, sugerir. 5 salientar, evidenciar. 6 conduzir a, tender para. 7 encher com argamassa. at the point of death às portas da morte. at the point of the sword sob coação, impelido pela força. at this point neste momento, a esta altura. beside the point fora do assunto, alheio à questão, irrelevante. boiling point ponto de ebulição. breaking point momento de ruptura. cardinal points pontos cardeais. freezing point ponto de congelamento. from point to point detalhadamente, minuciosamente. he gained his point ele obteve seu desígnio. he wandered from the point ele desviou-se do assunto. in point of a respeito de, com referência a. in point of fact de fato, na realidade. it is a good point in his character é um elemento positivo do seu caráter. I was on the point of doing it estava prestes a fazê-lo. music is her strong (weak) point música é o forte (fraco) dela. not to put too fine a point on it falar claramente. point of contact ponto de contato. point of conscience questão de consciência. point of controversy ponto de divergência. point of departure ponto de partida, especialmente em uma discussão. point of honor ponto de honra, questão de honra. point of inflection ponto de inflexão. point of intersection ponto de intersecção. point of no return ponto sem retorno (viagem, avião). point of order questão de ordem. point of origin local de origem. point of reference ponto de referência. point of sale Com ponto de venda. point of support ponto de apoio. point of view a) ponto de vista. b) opinião. point out apontar, indicar, chamar atenção para. that’s not to the point isto não vem ao caso, não diz respeito à questão. that’s the point eis a questão. the conversation ended in point a conversa tornou-se mais aguçada. the points of a horse as qualidades de um cavalo. the winner on points o vencedor por pontos. they spoke to the point falaram objetivamente. to be on the point of estar prestes a. to get to the point ir ao ponto principal. to give points to dar vantagens a. to keep to the point limitar-se ao assunto. to lose on points (boxe) perder por pontos. to make a point of fazer questão de, considerar. to miss the point não compreender. to point a wall rebocar uma parede. to point out mostrar, apontar para, chamar a atenção para. to point towards a) apontar para. b) estar voltado para. to point up enfatizar. to stick to the point permanecer no assunto, prender-se ao assunto. to stretch (strain) a point conceder um pouco, abrir uma exceção. to the point a) importante, relevante. b) conciso, objetivo. to win on points (boxe) ganhar por pontos. turning point a) momento de decisão. b) ponto crítico. up to a certain point até certo ponto. we made a point of doing it fizemos questão de fazê-lo. when it came to the point quando chegou o momento decisivo.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > point

  • 5 view

    vju:
    1. noun
    1) ((an outlook on to, or picture of) a scene: Your house has a fine view of the hills; He painted a view of the harbour.) vista
    2) (an opinion: Tell me your view/views on the subject.) opinión, parecer
    3) (an act of seeing or inspecting: We were given a private view of the exhibition before it was opened to the public.) visita

    2. verb
    (to look at, or regard (something): She viewed the scene with astonishment.) mirar
    - viewpoint
    - in view of
    - on view
    - point of view
    view n
    1. vista
    2. opinión
    what's your view on this, Robert? Robert, ¿cuál es tu opinión sobre esto?
    tr[vjʊː]
    1 vista, panorama nombre masculino
    ■ in my view... en mi opinión..., yo opino que...
    1 (consider) considerar, ver
    2 (regard, think about) enfocar
    3 (examine) ver; (visit) visitar
    4 (watch) ver; (critically) visionar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in full view a la vista de todo el mundo
    in view en mente, pensado,-a
    ■ what have you in view for the new season? ¿qué tiene pensado para la próxima temporada?
    in view of en vista de
    in view of the fact that... dado que..., en vista de que...
    to be on view exponerse
    to keep something/somebody in view tener algo/a alguien en cuenta
    to take a dim/poor view of something familiar ver algo con malos ojos
    to take the long view (of something) planear (algo) a largo plazo
    with a view to con vistas a, con miras a
    within view a la vista
    with this in view,... teniendo esto en cuenta,..., con este fin,...
    world view perspectiva global
    view ['vju:] vt
    1) observe: mirar, ver, observar
    2) consider: considerar, contemplar
    view n
    1) sight: vista f
    2) attitude, opinion: opinión f, parecer m, actitud f
    in my view: en mi opinión
    3) scene: vista f, panorama f
    4) intention: idea f, vista f
    with a view to: con vistas a, con la idea de
    5)
    in view of : dado que, en vista de (que)
    v.
    • considerar v.
    • contemplar v.
    • especular v.
    • mirar v.
    • ver v.
    (§pres: veo, ves...) imp. ve-•)
    • visualizar v.
    n.
    • aspecto s.m.
    • escena s.f.
    • fase s.f.
    • ojeada s.f.
    • opinión s.f.
    • paisaje s.m.
    • panorama s.m.
    • parecer s.m.
    • perspectiva s.f.
    • vista s.f.
    vjuː
    I
    1) u
    a) ( sight) vista f

    as we turned right, the hotel came into view — al torcer a la derecha pudimos ver el hotel or el hotel apareció ante nuestra vista

    to be hidden from view — estar* oculto

    in full view of somebody/something — a la vista de alguien/algo

    you're blocking my view — me estás tapando, no me dejas ver

    2) c (scene, vista) vista f
    3) c (opinion, attitude) opinión f, parecer m

    to have o hold views on/about something — tener* ideas or opiniones sobre algo

    she takes the view that... — ella opina que...

    to take the long/short view — adoptar una perspectiva amplia/limitada

    4) (plan, intention)

    with a view to -ing, with the view of -ing — con la idea de + inf, con vistas a + inf

    in view: always keep your ultimate goal in view nunca pierdas de vista el objetivo que persigues; with this in view con este fin; in view of en vista de; in view of the fact that... en vista de que..., dado que... (frml); on view: the winning entries will go on view to the public on Saturday — las obras premiadas podrán verse or se expondrán al público a partir del sábado


    II
    1.
    1) ( look at) \<\<sights/scene/television\>\> ver*, mirar

    viewed from the side, he resembles his brother — (visto) de perfil, se parece a su hermano

    2) ( inspect)
    a) \<\<property\>\> ver*
    b) \<\<accounts\>\> examinar
    3) ( regard) ver*, considerar

    2.
    vi (TV) ver* la televisión
    [vjuː]
    1. N
    1) (=prospect) vista f

    • he stood up to get a better view — se puso de pie para ver mejor

    • to have/get a good view of sth/sb — ver algo/a algn bien

    back 6., front 5., side 3.
    2) (=line of vision)

    • he stopped in the doorway, blocking her view — se paró en la entrada, tapándole la vista

    am I blocking your view? — ¿te estoy tapando?

    • a cyclist came into view — apareció un ciclista

    • to disappear from view — perderse de vista

    • to be hidden from view — estar oculto, estar escondido

    • to keep sth/sb in view — no perder de vista algo/a algn

    • to be on view — estar expuesto al público

    • the pond was within view of my bedroom window — el estanque se veía desde la ventana de mi habitación

    3) (=picture) vista f
    4) (=mind)

    • to have sth in view — tener algo en mente or en perspectiva

    he has only one objective in view — tiene solo un objetivo en mente, solo persigue un objetivo

    • with a view to doing sth — con miras or vistas a hacer algo

    5) (=opinion) opinión f

    my (personal) view is that... — mi opinión (personal) es que...

    • an opportunity for people to express their views — una oportunidad para que la gente exprese su opinión

    to express the view that... — opinar que...

    • in my view — a mi parecer, en mi opinión

    • to take or hold the view that — opinar que

    I take a similar/different view — opino de forma parecida/de distinta forma

    dim 1., 3), point 1., 10)
    6) (=understanding) visión f
    7)
    2. VT
    1) (=regard) ver

    how does the government view it? — ¿cómo lo ve el gobierno?

    • they view the United States as a land of golden opportunity — consideran a los Estados Unidos un país lleno de oportunidades, ven a los Estados Unidos como un país lleno de oportunidades

    • we would view favourably any sensible suggestion — cualquier sugerencia razonable sería bien acogida

    • he is viewed with suspicion by many MPs — muchos parlamentarios lo miran or tratan con recelo

    2) (=look at, observe) ver
    3) (=inspect, see) [+ property, sights, goods, slides] ver; [+ accounts] examinar

    when can we view the house? — ¿cuándo podemos ver la casa?

    4) frm [+ television] ver
    3.
    VI (TV) frm ver la televisión

    the viewing public — los telespectadores, la audiencia televisiva

    * * *
    [vjuː]
    I
    1) u
    a) ( sight) vista f

    as we turned right, the hotel came into view — al torcer a la derecha pudimos ver el hotel or el hotel apareció ante nuestra vista

    to be hidden from view — estar* oculto

    in full view of somebody/something — a la vista de alguien/algo

    you're blocking my view — me estás tapando, no me dejas ver

    2) c (scene, vista) vista f
    3) c (opinion, attitude) opinión f, parecer m

    to have o hold views on/about something — tener* ideas or opiniones sobre algo

    she takes the view that... — ella opina que...

    to take the long/short view — adoptar una perspectiva amplia/limitada

    4) (plan, intention)

    with a view to -ing, with the view of -ing — con la idea de + inf, con vistas a + inf

    in view: always keep your ultimate goal in view nunca pierdas de vista el objetivo que persigues; with this in view con este fin; in view of en vista de; in view of the fact that... en vista de que..., dado que... (frml); on view: the winning entries will go on view to the public on Saturday — las obras premiadas podrán verse or se expondrán al público a partir del sábado


    II
    1.
    1) ( look at) \<\<sights/scene/television\>\> ver*, mirar

    viewed from the side, he resembles his brother — (visto) de perfil, se parece a su hermano

    2) ( inspect)
    a) \<\<property\>\> ver*
    b) \<\<accounts\>\> examinar
    3) ( regard) ver*, considerar

    2.
    vi (TV) ver* la televisión

    English-spanish dictionary > view

  • 6 merely

    ['mɪəlɪ]
    adv
    1) только, всего лишь, единственно

    He gave merely the latest examples of government interference. — Он привел мне всего лишь последние примеры вмешательства правительства.

    The painting is not genuine, it is merely a good reproduction. — Это не оригинал картины, это всего лишь хорошая репродукция.

    She is merely a child. — Она еще/всего лишь ребенок.

    This is merely your imagination. — Это всего лишь плод вашего воображения.

    - it is an issue of merely local importance
    - it is merely a coincidence
    2) просто, только, единственно

    He is merely playing business. — Он лишь притворяется, что занят делом.

    I merely throw out a suggestion. — Я просто высказываю предположение.

    He merely touched the subject. — Он лишь слегка затронул вопрос.

    He is merely toying with you. — Он просто играет вами, как с игрушкой.

    It may be so from merely utilitarian point of view. — Это может быть и так исключительно с утилитарной точки зрения

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > merely

  • 7 position

    ə'ziʃən
    1. noun
    1) (a way of standing, sitting etc: He lay in an uncomfortable position.) posición, postura
    2) (a place or situation: The house is in a beautiful position.) situación; lugar, sitio
    3) (a job; a post: He has a good position with a local bank.) puesto
    4) (a point of view: Let me explain my position on employment.) posición, postura

    2. verb
    (to put or place: He positioned the lamp in the middle of the table.) colocar, situar
    - out of position
    1. sitio / posición
    2. postura
    3. situación
    4. puesto
    tr[pə'zɪʃən]
    ■ what's the exact position of the plane? ¿cuál es la posición exacta del avión?
    3 (posture) postura, posición nombre femenino
    4 (on scale, in competition) posición nombre femenino, lugar nombre masculino, puesto; (social standing) categoría social, posición nombre femenino
    5 (job) puesto
    6 (situation, circumstances) situación nombre femenino, lugar nombre masculino
    7 (opinion, point of view) postura, posición nombre femenino
    ■ I think you know my position creo que ya conoces mi postura, creo que ya sabes lo que opino
    8 SMALLSPORT/SMALL posición nombre femenino
    1 (put in place) colocar, poner; (troops, police) situar, apostar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in position estar en su sitio
    to be in a position to do something estar en condiciones de hacer algo
    to be out of position estar fuera de lugar
    position [pə'zɪʃən] vt
    : colocar, situar, ubicar
    1) approach, stance: posición f, postura f, planteamiento m
    2) location: posición f, ubicación f
    3) status: posición f (en una jerarquía)
    4) job: puesto m
    n.
    • actitud s.f.
    • cargo s.m.
    • colocación s.f.
    • condición s.f.
    • lugar s.m.
    • opinión s.f.
    • planta s.f.
    • plaza s.f.
    • posición s.f.
    • puesto s.m.
    • situación s.f.
    • ubicación s.f.
    v.
    • colocar v.
    • disponer v.
    • orientar v.
    • situar v.

    I pə'ziʃən
    1) c
    a) ( location) posición f, ubicación f (esp AmL)

    to take up position(s) — \<\<soldier/policeman\>\> apostarse*

    to be in position/out of position — estar* en su sitio/fuera de lugar

    b) ( Sport) posición f
    2) c
    a) ( posture) posición f, postura f
    b) (stance, point of view) postura f, posición f
    3)
    a) c ( in hierarchy) posición f; ( in league) puesto m, lugar m
    b) c (job, post) (frml) puesto m
    c) u ( social standing) posición f
    4) c (situation, circumstances) situación f

    II
    transitive verb colocar*, poner*

    he positioned himself between the two guests of honor — se situó or (AmL tb) se ubicó entre los dos invitados de honor

    [pǝ'zɪʃǝn]
    1. N
    1) (=location) [of object, person] posición f ; [of house, town] situación f, ubicación f (LAm)

    the house is in a very exposed position — la casa está situada or (LAm) ubicada en un lugar muy expuesto

    • to be in position — estar en su sitio

    • to get into position — ponerse en posición

    • the troops are moving into position — las tropas están ocupando posiciones

    • to be out of position — [object] estar desplazado or desencajado; (Sport) [player] estar fuera de sitio

    • to take up position(s), troops have taken up positions near the border — las tropas se han apostado cerca de la frontera

    he took up his usual position in front of the fire — ocupó su sitio or lugar habitual frente a la chimenea

    I took up my lookout position on the bow — ocupé mi puesto or posición de vigilancia en la proa

    2) (=posture) (gen) posición f, postura f ; (sexual) postura f

    • to change (one's) position — cambiar de posición or postura

    • he had raised himself to a sitting position — se había incorporado

    3) (Sport)

    what position do you play (in)? — ¿de qué juegas?

    4) (Mil) [of troops] posición f ; (for gun) emplazamiento m

    • the enemy positions — las posiciones enemigas or del enemigo

    5) (in race, competition) puesto m, posición f, lugar m ; (in class, league) puesto m

    he finished in third position — terminó en tercer puesto or lugar, terminó en tercera posición

    pole I, 3.
    6) (in society) posición f

    • she gave up career, social position, everything — renunció a su profesión, a su posición social, a todo

    7) (=post) (gen) puesto m ; (high-ranking) cargo m

    • a high position in government — un alto cargo en el gobierno

    • to take up a position — aceptar un puesto

    • a position of trust — un puesto de confianza

    8) (=situation, circumstance) situación f

    • it puts me in a rather difficult position — me pone en una situación bastante delicada

    • the country's economic position — la situación económica del país

    • put yourself in my position — ponte en mi lugar

    (if I were) in his position, I'd say nothing — yo que él or yo en su lugar no diría nada

    • what is my legal position? — desde el punto de vista legal, ¿cuál es mi situación?

    • we are in a strong negotiating position — estamos en una buena posición para negociar

    • what's the position on deliveries/sales? — ¿cuál es la situación respecto a las entregas/ventas?

    • they were in a position to help — su situación les permitía ayudar

    he's in no position to criticize — no es quién para criticar, él no está en condiciones de criticar

    consider 1), jockey 3.
    9) (=opinion) postura f (on con respecto a)

    • what is our position on Greece? — ¿cuál es nuestra política or postura con respecto a Grecia?

    10) (=window) (in bank, post office) ventanilla f
    2. VT
    1) (=place in position) [+ furniture, object] colocar; [+ police, troops] apostar

    • to position o.s. — (lit) colocarse, situarse; (fig) (=take a stance) adoptar una postura

    2) (Sport) [+ ball, shuttlecock] colocar
    3)

    • to be positioned (=located) —

    a) (lit)
    b) (fig)
    3.
    CPD

    position paper N — informe m sintetizado

    * * *

    I [pə'ziʃən]
    1) c
    a) ( location) posición f, ubicación f (esp AmL)

    to take up position(s) — \<\<soldier/policeman\>\> apostarse*

    to be in position/out of position — estar* en su sitio/fuera de lugar

    b) ( Sport) posición f
    2) c
    a) ( posture) posición f, postura f
    b) (stance, point of view) postura f, posición f
    3)
    a) c ( in hierarchy) posición f; ( in league) puesto m, lugar m
    b) c (job, post) (frml) puesto m
    c) u ( social standing) posición f
    4) c (situation, circumstances) situación f

    II
    transitive verb colocar*, poner*

    he positioned himself between the two guests of honor — se situó or (AmL tb) se ubicó entre los dos invitados de honor

    English-spanish dictionary > position

  • 8 viewpoint

    noun (a point of view: I am looking at the matter from a different viewpoint.) ponto de vista
    * * *
    view.point
    [vj'u:pɔint] n 1 ponto de vista. 2 local de onde se tem uma vista panorâmica.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > viewpoint

  • 9 position

    1. noun
    1) (place occupied) Platz, der; (of player in team; of plane, ship, etc.) Position, die; (of hands of clock, words, stars) Stellung, die; (of building) Lage, die; (of river) [Ver]lauf, der

    take [up] one's position — seinen Platz einnehmen

    2) (proper place)

    be in/out of position — an seinem Platz/nicht an seinem Platz sein

    3) (Mil.) Stellung, die
    4) (fig.): (mental attitude) Standpunkt, der; Haltung, die

    take up a position on something — einen Standpunkt od. eine Haltung zu etwas einnehmen

    5) (fig.): (situation)

    be in a good position [financially] — [finanziell] gut gestellt sein od. dastehen

    put yourself in my position! — versetz dich [einmal] in meine Lage!

    be in a position to do something — in der Lage sein, etwas zu tun

    6) (rank) Stellung, die; Position, die
    7) (employment) [Arbeits]- zstelle, die; Stellung, die

    the position of assistant manager — die Stelle od. Position des stellvertretenden Geschäftsführers

    position of trust — Vertrauensstellung, die; Vertrauensposten, der

    8) (posture) Haltung, die; (during sexual intercourse) Stellung, die; Position, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) platzieren; aufstellen, postieren [Polizisten, Wachen]

    position oneself near the exit — sich in die Nähe des Ausgangs stellen/setzen; [Wache, Posten usw.:] sich in der Nähe des Ausgangs aufstellen

    2) (Mil.): (station) stationieren
    * * *
    [ə'ziʃən] 1. noun
    1) (a way of standing, sitting etc: He lay in an uncomfortable position.) die Stellung
    2) (a place or situation: The house is in a beautiful position.) die Lage
    3) (a job; a post: He has a good position with a local bank.) die Stellung
    4) (a point of view: Let me explain my position on employment.) die Haltung
    2. verb
    (to put or place: He positioned the lamp in the middle of the table.) stellen
    - academic.ru/115295/be_in">be in
    - out of position
    * * *
    po·si·tion
    [pəˈzɪʃən]
    I. n
    1. (place) Platz m, Stelle f; building Lage f
    the house has a good \position overlooking the valley man hat vom Haus aus einen guten Blick über das Tal
    the sofa is in a different \position now jetzt steht das Sofa woanders
    to take up a \position sich akk platzieren
    2. (appointed place) Platz m
    to be in \position an seinem/ihrem Platz sein
    to get [or move] into \position seinen/ihren Platz einnehmen
    the dancers moved into \position die Tänzer nahmen ihre Position[en] ein
    to move sth into \position etw zurechtrücken
    to move out of \position seinen/ihren Platz verlassen
    3. (in navigation) Position f, Standort m
    4. (posture) Stellung f, Lage f
    yoga \position Yogahaltung f
    lying/sitting \position liegende/sitzende Stellung, liegend/sitzend
    to change one's \position eine andere Stellung einnehmen
    5. SPORT (in team) [Spieler]position f
    his \position is in midfield er ist Mittelstürmer
    6. (rank) Position f, Stellung f
    the \position of women in society die gesellschaftliche Stellung der Frau
    to jockey [or esp BRIT jostle] for \position um eine Position rangeln fam
    7. BRIT, AUS (in race, competition) Platz m
    she finished the race in third \position sie belegte bei dem Rennen am Schluss den dritten Platz
    8. (job) Stelle f, Position f
    a \position of responsibility ein verantwortungsvoller Posten
    a \position of trust eine Vertrauensstellung
    a teaching \position eine Stelle als Lehrer/Lehrerin
    to apply for a \position sich akk um eine [Arbeits]stelle bewerben
    9. usu sing (situation) Situation f, Lage f
    put yourself in my \position versetz dich in meine Lage
    ▪ to be in a/no \position to do sth in der Lage/nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tun
    to put sb in an awkward \position jdn in eine unangenehme Lage bringen
    financial \position Vermögensverhältnisse pl
    10. usu sing ( form: opinion) Haltung f, Standpunkt m
    what's the company's \position on recycling? welchen Standpunkt vertritt die Firma in der Frage des Recycling?
    his \position is that... er steht auf dem Standpunkt, dass...
    a party's \position on defence die Position einer Partei zur Frage der Verteidigung
    to take the \position that... die Meinung vertreten, dass...
    11. usu pl MIL Stellung f
    12. STOCKEX [Wertpapier]position f, Stellung f
    to take a \position in a share Aktien für eigene Rechnung kaufen
    bear \position Baisseposition f
    bull \position Hausse-Engagement nt, Hausseposition f
    to close a \position eine Position schließen [o glattstellen]
    to cover a \position eine Position abdecken
    long \position Hausse-Engagement nt, Long-Position f
    short \position Baisse-Engagement nt, Short-Position f
    II. vt
    ▪ to \position sb/sth jdn/etw platzieren
    I \positioned myself as far away from him as possible ich habe mich so weit wie möglich von ihm weggesetzt
    to \position guns/troops MIL Gewehre in Stellung bringen/Truppen positionieren
    * * *
    [pə'zISən]
    1. n
    1) (= location, place where sb/sth is of person) Platz m; (of object) Stelle f, Platz m; (of microphone, statue, wardrobe, plant etc) Standort m; (of spotlight, table, in picture, painting) Anordnung f; (of town, house etc) Lage f; (of plane, ship, SPORT = starting position, FTBL ETC) Position f; (MIL = strategic site) Stellung f

    to be in/out of position —

    to jockey or jostle for position (lit) — um eine gute Ausgangsposition kämpfen; (fig)

    his position is full-back/goalkeeper — er spielt Außenverteidiger/Torwart

    2) (= posture, way of standing, sitting etc) Haltung f; (in love-making, ART of model) Stellung f; (BALLET) Position f
    3) (in class, league etc) Platz m

    to finish in third position — Dritter werden, auf dem dritten Platz landen (inf)

    4) (= social, professional standing) Stellung f, Position f
    5) (= job) Stelle f
    6) (fig: situation, circumstance) Lage f

    to be in a position to do sth — in der Lage sein, etw zu tun

    what is the position regarding...? — wie sieht es mit... aus?

    my position is that I don't have the qualifications/money — mir geht es so, dass mir die Qualifikation/das Geld fehlt

    7) (fig: point of view, attitude) Standpunkt m, Haltung f, Einstellung f

    what is the government's position on...? — welchen Standpunkt vertritt die Regierung zu...?

    to take ( up) a position on sth — eine Haltung zu einer Sache einnehmen

    2. vt
    1) (= place in position) microphone, ladder, guards aufstellen; soldiers, policemen postieren; (artist, photographer etc) platzieren; (COMPUT) cursor positionieren, platzieren

    he positioned himself where he could see her — er stellte or (seated) setzte sich so, dass er sie sehen konnte

    2) (in marketing) product positionieren
    * * *
    position [pəˈzıʃn]
    A s
    1. a) Position f ( auch ASTRON), Lage f, Stand(ort) m:
    position of the sun Sonnenstand m;
    a good position to shoot SPORT eine gute Schussposition;
    in (out of) position (nicht) in der richtigen Lage;
    draw the goalkeeper out of position SPORT den Torhüter herauslocken
    b) besonders SPORT Position f, Platz m:
    be in third position in dritter Position oder an dritter Stelle oder auf dem dritten Platz liegen
    2. FLUG, SCHIFF Position f, SCHIFF auch Besteck n:
    a) FLUG, SCHIFF Positionslichter,
    b) AUTO Begrenzungslichter
    3. (körperliche) Lage, Stellung f, (auch Ballett) Position f:
    upright position aufrechte (Körper)Haltung
    4. MED
    a) (anatomische oder richtige) Lage (eines Organs oder Gliedes)
    b) (Kinds)Lage f (im Mutterleib)
    5. TECH (Schalt- etc)Stellung f:
    position of rest Ruhelage f, -stellung
    6. MIL (Verteidigungs)Stellung f:
    position warfare Stellungskrieg m
    7. MUS Lage f (von Akkordtönen):
    first ( oder root) position Grundstellung f, -lage;
    close (open) position enge (weite) Lage
    8. MUS
    a) Lage f (bestimmtes Gebiet des Griffbretts bei Saiteninstrumenten)
    b) Zugstellung f (bei der Posaune)
    9. IT (Wert)Stelle f
    10. Position f, Situation f, Lage f:
    put ( oder place) sb in an awkward position jemanden in eine unangenehme Lage bringen;
    be in a position to do sth in der Lage sein, etwas zu tun;
    not be in a ( oder be in no) position to do sth nicht in der Lage sein, etwas zu tun
    11. (Sach)Lage f, Stand m (der Dinge):
    financial position Finanzlage, Vermögensverhältnisse pl;
    legal position Rechtslage
    12. soziale Stellung, gesellschaftlicher Rang:
    people of position Leute von Rang
    13. Position f, Stellung f, Amt n, Posten m:
    hold a (responsible) position eine (verantwortliche) Stelle innehaben;
    position of power Machtposition;
    position of trust Vertrauensstellung, -posten
    14. fig (Ein)Stellung f, Standpunkt m, Haltung f:
    define one’s position seinen Standpunkt darlegen;
    take up a position on a question zu einer Frage Stellung nehmen
    15. MATH, PHIL (Grund-, Lehr)Satz m, Behauptung f
    B v/t
    1. in die richtige Lage oder Stellung bringen, an den rechten Platz stellen, aufstellen, TECH auch (ein)stellen, anbringen
    2. Polizisten etc postieren
    pos. abk
    1. position Pos.
    2. positive pos.
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (place occupied) Platz, der; (of player in team; of plane, ship, etc.) Position, die; (of hands of clock, words, stars) Stellung, die; (of building) Lage, die; (of river) [Ver]lauf, der

    take [up] one's position — seinen Platz einnehmen

    be in/out of position — an seinem Platz/nicht an seinem Platz sein

    3) (Mil.) Stellung, die
    4) (fig.): (mental attitude) Standpunkt, der; Haltung, die

    take up a position on something — einen Standpunkt od. eine Haltung zu etwas einnehmen

    5) (fig.): (situation)

    be in a good position [financially] — [finanziell] gut gestellt sein od. dastehen

    put yourself in my position! — versetz dich [einmal] in meine Lage!

    be in a position to do something — in der Lage sein, etwas zu tun

    6) (rank) Stellung, die; Position, die
    7) (employment) [Arbeits]- zstelle, die; Stellung, die

    the position of assistant manager — die Stelle od. Position des stellvertretenden Geschäftsführers

    position of trust — Vertrauensstellung, die; Vertrauensposten, der

    8) (posture) Haltung, die; (during sexual intercourse) Stellung, die; Position, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) platzieren; aufstellen, postieren [Polizisten, Wachen]

    position oneself near the exit — sich in die Nähe des Ausgangs stellen/setzen; [Wache, Posten usw.:] sich in der Nähe des Ausgangs aufstellen

    2) (Mil.): (station) stationieren
    * * *
    n.
    Gewandtheit f.
    Lage -n f.
    Position -en f.
    Standort -e m.
    Standpunkt m.
    Stellung -en (Posten) f.
    Stellung -en f. v.
    positionieren v.

    English-german dictionary > position

  • 10 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 11 survey

    1. transitive verb
    1) (take general view of) betrachten; (from high point) überblicken [Landschaft, Umgebung]
    2) (examine) inspizieren [Gebäude usw.]
    3) (assess) bewerten [Situation, Problem usw.]
    2. noun
    1) (general view, critical inspection) Überblick, der (of über + Akk.)
    2) (by opinion poll) Umfrage, die; (by research) Untersuchung, die

    conduct a survey into something — eine Umfrage zu etwas veranstalten/etwas untersuchen

    3) (Surv.) Vermessung, die
    4) (building inspection) Inspektion, die
    * * *
    1. [sə'vei] verb
    1) (to look at, or view, in a general way: He surveyed his neat garden with satisfaction.) überlicken
    2) (to examine carefully or in detail.) mustern
    3) (to measure, and estimate the position, shape etc of (a piece of land etc): They have started to survey the piece of land that the new motorway will pass through.) vermessen
    4) (to make a formal or official inspection of (a house etc that is being offered for sale).) besichtigen
    2. ['sə:vei] noun
    1) (a look or examination; a report: After a brief survey of the damage he telephoned the police; He has written a survey of crime in big cities.) der Überlick, das Gutachten
    2) (a careful measurement of land etc.) die Vermessung
    •
    - academic.ru/72444/surveyor">surveyor
    * * *
    sur·vey
    I. vt
    [səˈveɪ, AM sɚˈ-]
    1. usu passive (carry out research)
    ▪ to \survey sb jdn befragen
    2. (look at)
    ▪ to \survey sb/sth jdn/etw betrachten; (carefully) jdn/etw begutachten
    3. (give overview)
    ▪ to \survey sth etw umreißen
    the book \surveys the history of feminism das Buch gibt einen Überblick über die Geschichte des Feminismus
    4. (map out)
    ▪ to \survey sth etw vermessen
    5. BRIT
    to \survey a building/house ein Gebäude/Haus begutachten, ein Gutachten von einem Gebäude/Haus erstellen
    6.
    ▶ to be lord [or master/mistress] [or king/queen] of all one \surveys BRIT alles rundum sein Eigen nennen
    II. n
    [ˈsɜ:veɪ, AM ˈsɜ:r-]
    1. (opinion poll) Untersuchung f; (research) Studie f
    market \survey Marktumfrage, Erhebung f
    local/nationwide \survey örtliche/landesweite Umfrage
    public opinion \survey öffentliche Meinungsumfrage
    to carry out a \survey eine Studie durchführen
    2. (overview) Übersicht f; of a topic Überblick m (of über + akk)
    3. (of land) Vermessung f
    to carry out a \survey eine Vermessung durchführen
    4. BRIT (of building) [Grundstücks]gutachten nt
    to have a \survey carried out [or ( fam) done] on a house ein Gutachten von einem Haus erstellen lassen
    * * *
    ['sɜːveɪ]
    1. n
    1) (SURV of land, coast) Vermessung f; (= report) (Vermessungs)gutachten nt; (of house) Begutachtung f; (= report) Gutachten nt
    2) (= inquiry) Untersuchung f (of, on über +acc); (by opinion poll, market research etc) Umfrage f (of, on über +acc)
    3) (= comprehensive look, review of surroundings, countryside) Musterung f (
    of +gen), Überblick m (of über +acc); (of subject, recent development) Überblick m
    2. vt
    [sɜː'veɪ]
    1) (= look at) countryside, person, prospects, plans betrachten, sich (dat) ansehen; (esp appraisingly) begutachten; person, goods mustern

    he is monarch of all he surveys — er beherrscht das Land, soweit er blicken kann

    2) (= study) prospects, developments untersuchen; institutions einer Prüfung (gen) unterziehen; (= take general view of) events, trends einen Überblick geben über (+acc)
    3) (SURV) site, land vermessen; building inspizieren
    * * *
    survey [sə(r)ˈveı; US auch ˈsɜrˌveı]
    A v/t
    1. betrachten, sich jemanden, etwas ansehen (beide auch fig)
    2. Aussichten etc untersuchen
    3. ein Gebäude etc (ab)schätzen, begutachten
    4. besichtigen, inspizieren
    5. Land etc vermessen
    B v/i eine (statistische) Erhebung vornehmen
    C s [ˈsɜːveı; US ˈsɜrˌveı]
    1. fig Überblick m, Übersicht f ( beide:
    of über akk)
    2. Untersuchung f
    3. Schätzung f, Begutachtung f
    4. Gutachten n, (Prüfungs)Bericht m
    5. Besichtigung f, Inspektion f
    6. (Land- etc) Vermessung f
    7. (Lage)Plan m, (-)Karte f
    8. a) (statistische) Erhebung, Umfrage f ( beide:
    of, on über akk)
    b) MED Reihenuntersuchung f
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (take general view of) betrachten; (from high point) überblicken [Landschaft, Umgebung]
    2) (examine) inspizieren [Gebäude usw.]
    3) (assess) bewerten [Situation, Problem usw.]
    2. noun
    1) (general view, critical inspection) Überblick, der (of über + Akk.)
    2) (by opinion poll) Umfrage, die; (by research) Untersuchung, die

    conduct a survey into something — eine Umfrage zu etwas veranstalten/etwas untersuchen

    3) (Surv.) Vermessung, die
    4) (building inspection) Inspektion, die
    * * *
    n.
    Erhebung -en f.
    Erkundung f.
    Ermittlung f.
    Gutachten n.
    Umfrage -n f.
    Umschau -en f.
    Vermessung f.
    statistische Erhebung f.
    Überblick m.
    Überwachung f. v.
    ausmessen v.
    begutachten v.
    besichtigen v.
    prüfen v.
    vermessen v.
    überblicken v.
    übersehen v.

    English-german dictionary > survey

  • 12 cover

    ˈkʌvə
    1. сущ.
    1) а) крышка, покрышка, колпак, колпачок The jewel box had a carved wooden cover. ≈ Крышка коробки для драгоценностей была украшена деревянной резьбой. б) обложка, переплет;
    одна сторона обложки to read from cover to cover ≈ прочесть от корки до корки( о книге) Don't judge a book by its cover. ≈ Не суди о книге по ее обложке. Syn: binding
    1. в) футляр;
    чехол a mattress cover ≈ чехол на матрац г) конверт, пакет;
    обертка under the same cover ≈ в том же конверте under separate cover ≈ в отдельном пакете, в отдельном конверте д) покрывало;
    одеяло Do you want another cover on the bed? ≈ Ты хочешь другое покрывало на кровать? Syn: blanket
    1., comforter, quilt
    1., coverlet, eiderdown ∙ Syn: lid
    1., top I
    1., cap I
    1., covering
    1. ;
    wrapper, case II
    1., encasement, envelope, jacket
    1.
    2) а) убежище, укрытие;
    воен. прикрытие, заслон under cover ≈ в укрытии, под защитой to take cover ≈ укрыться When the rain started, we took cover under a large tree. ≈ Когда начался дождь, мы спрятались под большим деревом. air cover ≈ воздушная защита Syn: protection, shelter
    1., shield
    1., guard
    1., defence;
    asylum, refuge
    1., sanctuary, concealment б) покров under cover of darkness ≈ под покровом темноты Syn: cloak
    1. в) перен. ширма;
    предлог, отговорка under cover of friendship ≈ под личиной дружбы Syn: screen
    1., disguise
    1., pretence
    3) а) охот. укрытие, логово( зверя) б) растительный покров
    4) а) коммерч. гарантийный фонд б) страхование
    5) прибор (обеденный)
    2. гл.
    1) накрывать, закрывать, покрывать to cover a wall with paper ≈ оклеивать стену обоями Grandmother always covered the table with a lace cloth. ≈ Бабушка всегда покрывает стол кружевной скатертью. The roof was covered with wooden shingles. ≈ Крыша была покрыта кровельной дранкой. to cover (one's head) ≈ надевать( шляпу и т. п.) Syn: put on, put over, lay on, overlay
    2., blanket
    3., clothe, sheathe, shroud, envelop, wrap
    2., enwrap
    2) защищать, ограждать, укрывать The tent covered the campers from the rain. ≈ Палатка предохранила отдыхающих от дождя. to cover a siege ≈ выдерживать осаду some woods which covered their retreat ≈ леса, которые прикрыли их отступление Syn: protect, shield
    2., guard
    2., shelter
    2., defend
    3) а) закрывать;
    скрывать, маскировать, прятать She covered her face with her hands. ≈ Она закрыла лицо руками. Frank laughed to cover his anxiety. ≈ Фрэнк засмеялся, чтобы скрыть тревогу. to cover the retreat ≈ прикрывать отступление to cover one's tracks ≈ заметать свои следы Syn: hide II
    2., conceal, obscure
    2., secrete;
    cloak
    2., veil
    2., hood
    2., screen
    2. ;
    mask
    2., disguise
    2., camouflage
    2. б) спорт закрывать, прикрывать (игрока соперника) ;
    прикрывать (участок поля)
    4) включать, содержать, охватывать;
    относиться( к чему-л.) The history book covers the years of Eisenhower's presidency. ≈ Эта книга по истории охватывает годы президентства Эйзенхауэра. Syn: deal with, include, involve, contain;
    embrace
    2., embody, comprise, take in, comprehend
    5) освещать (события и т. п.) в печати, на телевидении, по радио The reporter covered the convention for the local newspaper. ≈ Журналист давал материалы о партийном съезде в местную газету. Syn: report
    2., tell of, describe, chronicle, write up
    6) лежать, покрывать;
    расстилаться;
    распространяться Water covered the floor. ≈ Вода покрывает пол. His brewery covers nearly four acres of ground. ≈ Его пивоварня занимает почти четыре акра земли.
    7) преодолевать, проходить( какое-л. расстояние) ;
    спорт пройти( дистанцию) The distance covered was close on twenty miles. ≈ Пройденное расстояние равнялось почти двадцати милям. We covered three states in two days. ≈ Мы проехали три штата за два дня. Syn: travel through, pass over, pass through, traverse
    2., cross
    3.
    8) а) комерч. покрывать, обеспечивать( денежным) покрытием б) страховать This insurance covers the traveler in any accident. ≈ Эта страховка страхует путешественника от любого несчастного случая. Syn: insure
    9) предусматривать, разрешать The rules covers all cases. ≈ Правила предусматривают все случаи.
    10) покрывать (кобылу;
    по отношению к другим животным употребляется редко)
    11) сидеть( на яйцах)
    12) держать под прицелом ∙ cover for cover in cover over cover up (по) крышка;
    обертка;
    покрывало;
    чехол;
    футляр, колпак - a * for a saucepan крышка кастрлюли - a * for a chair чехол для стула - glass * стеклянный колпак конверт;
    обертка;
    упаковка - under plain * в конверте без фирменного штампа, в простом конверте - under separate * (канцелярское) в отдельном конверте - this is a receipt, the goods will be sent under separate * посылаем вам расписку, а товар будет выслан отдельно переплет;
    обложка - soft * мягкая обложка - to read a book from * to * прочесть книгу от корки до корки убежище, укрытие;
    прикрытие, "крышка" - * from fire (военное) укрытие от огня - * from view (военное) укрытие от наблюдения - under * в укрытиии - to take * найти убежище, спрятаться - to break * внезапно появиться;
    выйти из укрытия - the spy's * was to act as a bartender шпион скрывался под видом бармена (спортивное) прикрытие, защита покров - land * растительный покров - sky * облачность, облачный покров (of) покрывало, покров - under * of darkness под покровом темноты лесной покров, полог леса (ботаника) покров семяпочки или семени (охота) нора, логовище - to break * поднять из логовища личина, маска - under * of friendship под личиной дружбы - under * of patriotism прикрываясь патриотизмом прибор, куверт - *s were laid for four стол был накрыт на четыре персоны плата "за куверт" (в ресторане, ночном клубе) (коммерческое) гарантийный фонд;
    страхование (геология) покрывающие породы( автомобильное) покрышка (театроведение) замена;
    заменяющий актер или -ая актриса;
    исполнитель из второго состава > under * тайный;
    секретный;
    > he kept his activities under * он держал свою деятельность в тайне;
    тайно;
    секретно;
    > they met under * они встречались тайно покрывать, закрывать, накрывать - to * a saucepan закрывать кастрюлю - to * up a baby укутать ребенка - to * plants with straw прикрыть растения соломой (редкое) покрывать (голову, плечи) ;
    укрывать - to * one's head надеть шляпу - to remain *ed не снять шляпы - pray be *ed (устаревшее) прошу надеть шляпу прикрывать, ограждать, защищать - to * a retreat прикрывать отступление - the warships *ed the landing of the army военные корабли прикрывали высадку армии - the father *ed the boy from the fire with his own body отец своим телом укрыл мальчика от огня( спортивное) держать, закрывать (игрока) прятать, скрывать - to * one's face with one's hands закрыть лицо руками - the enemy were *ed from our sight by woods лес скрывал от нас неприятеля - to * one's shame скрыть стыд - to * one's tracks замести следы покрывать;
    находить оправдания - his family kept *ing for him семья постоянно покрывала его - to * up for a friend покрывать друга;
    выручать друга (книжное) покрыть, увенчать;
    запятнать - to * oneself with glory покрыть себя славой покрывать, обдавать - you are *ed with dust ты весь в пыли - a passing motor *ed me with mud проезжавшая мимо машина обдала меня грязью обивать;
    оклеивать - to * the seat of a chair with leather обить кожей сиденье стула - to * with wall-paper оклеить обоями покрывать;
    распространяться;
    расстилаться - snow *ed the ground земля была покрыта снегом, на земле лежал снег - enemy troops *ed the whole country вражеские войска наводнили всю страну - the floods *ed a large area наводнение распространялось на большую территорию покрывать, охватывать;
    относиться - his researches * a wide field его исследования охватывают широкую область - documents *ing the sale документы, касающиеся продажи( for) (разговорное) заменять, подменять - please * for me at the counter for a few minutes пожалуйства, подмени меня у прилавка на несколько минут( театроведение) заменять держать под наблюдением - the police got all the roads *ed полиция перекрыла все дороги пройти, проехать - he *ed the distance in an hour он прошел расстояние за час - by evening we had *ed sixty miles к вечеру мы проехали шестьдесят миль( спортивное) пробежать дистанцию - to * the distance in great style показать на дистанции высокую технику бега освещать в печати - to * football matches давать репортаж о футбольных матчах - to * the theatres освещать театральную жизнь предусматривать - the rules * all cases правила предусматривают все случаи (коммерческое) обеспечить покрытие;
    покрывать - to * one's expenses покрыть расходы - the loan was *ed many times сумма займа была перекрыта во много раз страховать - my policy *s me against loss from fire мое имущество застраховано от пожара - you should get yourself *ed as soon as possible тебе надо поскорее застраховаться( карточное) покрывать, крыть принять пари;
    поставить( сельскохозяйственное) случать;
    крыть (матку) сидеть (на яйцах) (военное) держать под обстрелом;
    держать под прицелом - don't move, I have you *ed не шевелись, буду стрелять additional premium for short-term ~ дополнительная страховая премия за краткосрочное покрытие рисков advance ~ авансовое покрытие all risks ~ покрытие всех рисков back ~ четвертая сторонка обложки bank-note ~ покрытие банкнот blanket ~ общее страхование blanket ~ полный перечень рисков, охватываемых страховым полисом ~ охватывать;
    относиться (к чему-л.) ;
    the book covers the whole subject книга дает исчерпывающие сведения по всему предмету cash ~ денежное покрытие ~ разрешать, предусматривать;
    the circumstances are covered by this clause обстоятельства предусмотрены этим пунктом ~ расстилаться;
    распространяться;
    the city covers ten square miles город занимает десять квадратных миль cost escalation ~ покрытие роста издержек cover = cover-point ~ ком. гарантийный фонд ~ гарантийный фонд ~ гарантировать ~ давать материал, отчет( для прессы) ~ закрывать;
    покрывать;
    накрывать;
    прикрывать;
    перекрывать;
    to cover a wall with paper оклеивать стену обоями ~ конверт;
    under the same cover в том же конверте ~ конверт ~ (по) крышка;
    обертка;
    чехол;
    покрывало;
    футляр, колпак ~ обеспечение ~ обеспечивать покрытие ~ обеспечить покрытие (денежное) ~ обложка, переплет, крышка переплета;
    to read from cover to cover прочесть от корки до корки (о книге) ~ полигр. обложка ~ обшивка ~ относиться (к чему-л.) ~ охватывать;
    относиться (к чему-л.) ;
    the book covers the whole subject книга дает исчерпывающие сведения по всему предмету ~ охватывать ~ полигр. переплет ~ перечень рисков, охватываемых страховым полисом ~ покров;
    under cover of darkness под покровом темноты ~ покрывать (кобылу и т. п.) ~ покрывать ~ покрытие ~ покрытие (денежное) ~ покупка ценных бумаг при сделках на срок ~ преодолевать, проходить (какое-л. расстояние) ;
    спорт. пройти (дистанцию) ~ прибор (обеденный) ~ принимать на страх ~ разрешать, предусматривать;
    the circumstances are covered by this clause обстоятельства предусмотрены этим пунктом ~ распространяться ~ расстилаться;
    распространяться;
    the city covers ten square miles город занимает десять квадратных миль ~ сидеть (на яйцах) ~ скрывать;
    to cover one's confusion (annoyance) чтобы скрыть (или не показать) свое смущение( досаду) ~ страхование ~ страховать ~ убежище, укрытие;
    прикрытие;
    заслон;
    under cover в укрытии, под защитой ;
    to take cover укрыться ~ укрывать, ограждать, защищать;
    he covered his friend from the blow with his own body он своим телом закрыл друга от удара ~ уплата( по счету, векселю) ~ целиться( из ружья и т. п.) ;
    держать под угрозой ~ ширма;
    предлог;
    отговорка;
    личина, маска;
    under cover of friendship под личиной дружбы ~ закрывать;
    покрывать;
    накрывать;
    прикрывать;
    перекрывать;
    to cover a wall with paper оклеивать стену обоями ~ for losses покрытие убытков ~ girl хорошенькая девушка, изображение которой помещают на обложке журнала;
    журнальная красотка ~ in забросать землей( могилу) ~ in закрыть ~ of loss покрытие убытков ~ of loss покрытие ущерба ~ on death сумма страхового возмещения при смертельном исходе ~ скрывать;
    to cover one's confusion (annoyance) чтобы скрыть (или не показать) свое смущение (досаду) to ~ one's face with one's hands закрыть лицо руками to ~ the retreat прикрывать отступление;
    to cover one's tracks заметать свои следы ~ over скрыть, прикрыть to ~ the retreat прикрывать отступление;
    to cover one's tracks заметать свои следы ~ up прятать ~ up спрятать, тщательно прикрыть cover = cover-point cover-point: cover-point спорт. защитник( в крикете) ~ спорт. место защитника (в крикете) demand for ~ требование покрытия depot under ~ хранилище под крышей dust ~ полигр. суперобложка exchange rate risk ~ страхование от риска изменения валютного курса exchange risk ~ страхование от валютного риска extended ~ расширенное страхование forward ~ бирж. срочное покрытие forward ~ бирж. форвардное покрытие front ~ первая сторонка обложки front ~ передняя часть обложки full ~ полное покрытие ~ укрывать, ограждать, защищать;
    he covered his friend from the blow with his own body он своим телом закрыл друга от удара inside back ~ третья сторонка обложки inside front ~ вторая сторонка обложки insurance ~ объем страховой ответственности interest ~ обеспечение выплаты процентов liability insurance ~ риски, охватываемые страхованием гражданской ответственности margin ~ бирж. покрытие маржи master ~ суперобложка maximum ~ максимальный объем страховой ответственности minimum ~ минимальное покрытие molded ~ формованная накладка open ~ генеральный полис open ~ открытый полис primary ~ первичное страхование provide forward ~ бирж. предоставлять срочное обеспечение provide forward ~ бирж. предоставлять форвардное обеспечение ~ обложка, переплет, крышка переплета;
    to read from cover to cover прочесть от корки до корки (о книге) reinsurance ~ объем ответственности при перестраховании reserve fund ~ покрытие резервного фонда risk ~ перечень рисков, охватываемых страховым полисом subsequent ~ последующая уплата по счету surplus ~ избыточное покрытие ~ убежище, укрытие;
    прикрытие;
    заслон;
    under cover в укрытии, под защитой ;
    to take cover укрыться ~ убежище, укрытие;
    прикрытие;
    заслон;
    under cover в укрытии, под защитой ;
    to take cover укрыться under: ~ heavy penalty под страхом сурового наказания;
    under the necessity( of smth.) под давлением( каких-л.) обстоятельств;
    under cover под прикрытием ~ покров;
    under cover of darkness под покровом темноты ~ ширма;
    предлог;
    отговорка;
    личина, маска;
    under cover of friendship под личиной дружбы ~ конверт;
    under the same cover в том же конверте vegetative ~ растительный покров vertex ~ вершинное покрытие

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > cover

  • 13 flight

    flight n
    полет
    abort the flight
    прерывать полет
    accelerated flight
    полет с ускорением
    acceptance flight
    приемно-сдаточный полет
    accident-free flight
    безаварийный полет
    acrobatic flight
    фигурный полет
    actual flight conditions
    реальные условия полета
    actual flight path
    фактическая траектория полета
    adhere to the flight plan
    придерживаться плана полета
    advance flight plan
    предварительная заявка на полет
    advertizing flight
    рекламный полет
    aerial survey flight
    полет для выполнения наблюдений с воздуха
    aerial work flight
    полет для выполнения работ
    aerobatic flight
    высший пилотаж
    aerodrome flight information service
    аэродромная служба полетной информации
    aerotow flight
    полет на буксире
    affect flight operation
    способствовать выполнению полета
    aircraft flight report
    полетный лист воздушного судна
    aircraft on flight
    воздушное судно в полете
    air-filed flight plan
    план полета, переданный с борта
    all-freight flight
    чисто грузовой рейс
    all-weather flight
    всепогодный полет
    alternate flight plan
    запасной план полета
    altitude flight
    высотный полет
    approach flight reference point
    контрольная точка траектории захода на посадку
    approach flight track distance
    дистанция при заходе на посадку
    approved flight plan
    утвержденный план полета
    approved flight procedure
    установленный порядок выполнения полета
    arbitrary flight course
    произвольный курс подготовки
    area flight control
    районный диспетчерский пункт управления полетами
    around-the-world flight
    кругосветный полет
    arrival flight level
    эшелон входа
    arrow flight stability
    устойчивость на траектории полета
    assigned flight path
    заданная траектория полета
    asymmetric flight
    полет с несимметричной тягой двигателей
    attitude flight control
    управление пространственным положением
    autocontrolled flight
    полет на автопилоте
    automatic flight
    автоматический полет
    automatic flight control
    автоматическое управление полетом
    automatic flight control equipment
    оборудование автоматического управления полетом
    automatic flight control system
    автоматическая бортовая система управления
    autorotational flight
    полет на режиме авторотации
    back-to-back flight
    полет в обоих направлениях
    bad-weather flight
    полет в сложных метеоусловиях
    banked flight
    полет с креном
    basic flight reference
    заданный режим полета
    be experienced in flight
    иметь место в полете
    beyond flight experience
    без достаточного опыта выполнения полетов
    blind flight
    полет по приборам
    blind flight equipment
    оборудование для полетов по приборам
    blocked-off flight
    блок-чартерный рейс
    border-crossing flight
    полет с пересечением границ
    border flight clearance
    разрешение на пролет границы
    box-pattern flight
    полет по коробочке
    bumpy-air flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    business flight
    деловой полет
    calibration flight
    калибровочный облет
    cancelled flight
    аннулированный рейс
    cancel the flight
    отменять полет
    cargo flight
    грузовой рейс
    carry out the flight
    выполнять полет
    certificate of safety for flight
    свидетельство о допуске к полетам
    certification test flight
    сертификационный испытательный полет
    change to a flight plan
    уточнение плана полета
    charter flight
    чартерный рейс
    chased flight
    полет с сопровождающим
    checkout flight
    контрольный полет
    civil flight
    рейс с гражданского воздушного судна
    climbing flight
    полет с набором высоты
    closed-circuit flight
    полет по замкнутому кругу
    close the flight
    заканчивать регистрацию на рейс
    closing a flight plan
    закрытие плана полета
    coasting flight
    полет по инерции
    coast-to-coast flight
    полет в пределах континента
    commence the flight
    начинать полет
    commercial flight
    коммерческий рейс
    complete the flight
    завершать полет
    complete the flight plan
    составлять план полета
    compulsory IFR flight
    полет по приборам, обязательный для данной зоны
    computer-directed flight
    автоматический полет
    computer flight planning
    компьютерное планирование полетов
    conflicting flight path
    траектория полета с предпосылкой к конфликтной ситуации
    connecting flight
    стыковочный рейс
    contact flight
    визуальный полет
    contact flight rules
    правила визуального полета
    continue the flight
    продолжать полет
    continuous flight
    беспосадочный полет
    continuous flight record
    непрерывная запись хода полета
    contour flight
    бреющий полет
    controlled flight
    контролируемый полет
    conventional flight
    полет с обычным взлетом и посадкой
    crabbing flight
    полет с парированием сноса
    credit flight time
    вести учет полетного времени
    crop control flight
    полет для контроля состояния посевов
    cross-country flight
    перелет через территорию страны
    cross-wind flight
    полет с боковым ветром
    cruising flight
    крейсерский полет
    current flight plan
    текущий план полета
    day flight
    дневной полет
    decelerate in the flight
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerating flight
    полет с уменьшением скорости
    delayed flight
    задержанный рейс
    delivery flight
    перегоночный полет
    demonstration flight
    демонстрационный полет
    departure flight level
    эшелон выхода
    descending flight
    полет со снижением
    design flight weight
    расчетная полетная масса
    desired flight path
    рекомендуемая траектория полета
    desired path flight
    полет по заданной траектории
    desired track flight
    полет по заданному маршруту
    deviate from the flight plan
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviation from the level flight
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    digital flight guidance system
    цифровая система наведения в полете
    digital flight recorder
    бортовой цифровой регистратор
    directed reference flight
    полет по сигналам с земли
    direct flight
    прямой рейс
    distance flight
    полет на дальность
    diverted flight
    полет с отклонением
    domestic flight
    рейс внутри одной страны
    domestic flight stage
    этапа полета в пределах одного государства
    downward flight
    полет со снижением
    drift flight
    полет со сносом
    dual flight
    полет с инструктором
    eastbound flight
    полет в восточном направлении
    effect on flight characteristics
    влиять на летные характеристики
    emergency flight
    экстренный рейс
    emergency flight procedures
    правила полета в аварийной обстановке
    empty flight
    порожний рейс
    endurance flight
    полет на продолжительность
    engine-off flight
    полет с выключенным двигателем
    engine-on flight
    полет с работающим двигателем
    en-route flight
    полет по маршруту
    en-route flight path
    траектория полета по маршруту
    en-route flight phase
    этап полета по маршруту
    en-route flight planning
    маршрутное планирование полетов
    entire flight
    полет по полному маршруту
    establish the flight conditions
    устанавливать режим полета
    estimated time of flight
    расчетное время полета
    exercise flight supervision
    осуществлять контроль за ходом полета
    experimental flight
    экспериментальный полет
    extra flight
    дополнительный рейс
    extra section flight
    полет по дополнительному маршруту
    factory test flight
    заводской испытательный полет
    familiarization flight
    ознакомительный полет
    fatal flight accident
    авиационное происшествие со смертельным исходом
    ferry flight
    перегоночный полет
    filed flight plan
    зарегистрированный план полета
    file the flight plan
    регистрировать план полета
    first-class flight
    рейс с обслуживанием по первому классу
    flapless flight
    полет с убранными закрылками
    flight acceptance test
    контрольный полет перед приемкой
    flight accident
    авиационное происшествие
    flight altitude
    высота полета
    flight announcement
    объявление о рейсах
    flight assurance
    гарантия полета
    flight baby cot
    детская люлька
    flight book
    летная книжка
    flight briefing
    предполетный инструктаж
    flight calibration
    облет
    flight certificate
    летное свидетельство
    flight characteristics
    летные характеристики
    flight chart
    карта полетов
    flight check
    проверка в полете
    flight checked
    проверено в полете
    flight clearance
    разрешение на полет
    flight compartment
    кабина экипажа
    flight compartment controls
    органы управления в кабине экипажа
    flight compartment view
    обзор из кабины экипажа
    flight computer
    бортовой вычислитель
    flight conditions
    полетные условия
    flight control
    диспетчерское управление полетами
    flight control boost system
    бустерная система управления полетом
    flight control fundamentals
    руководство по управлению полетами
    flight control gust-lock system
    система стопорения поверхностей управления
    (при стоянке воздушного судна) flight control load
    нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
    flight control system
    система управления полетом
    flight coordination
    уточнение задания на полет
    flight corrective turn
    доворот для коррекции направления полета
    flight coupon
    полетный купон
    flight coupon stage
    этап полета, указанный в полетном купоне
    flight course
    курс полета
    flight crew
    летный экипаж
    flight crew duty
    обязанности членов экипажа
    flight crew equipment
    снаряжение самолетного экипажа
    flight crew member
    член летного экипажа
    flight crew oxygen system
    кислородная система кабины экипажа
    flight crews provision
    предоставление летных экипажей
    flight crew supervision
    проверка готовности экипажа к полету
    flight data
    летные данные
    flight data averaging
    осреднение полетных данных
    flight data input
    ввод данных о полете
    flight data link
    канал передачи данных в полете
    flight data recorder
    регистратор параметров полета
    flight data storage unit
    блок сбора полетной информации
    flight dead reckoning
    счисление пути полета
    flight deck
    панель контроля хода полета
    flight deck aural environment
    уровень шумового фона в кабине экипажа
    flight deck environment
    компоновка кабины экипажа
    flight departure
    отправление рейса
    flight deterioration
    ухудшение в полете
    flight direction
    направление полета
    flight director
    пилотажный командный прибор
    flight director computer
    бортовой вычислитель директорного управления
    flight director course indicator
    указатель планового навигационного прибора
    flight director indicator
    указатель пилотажного командного прибора
    flight director system
    система командных пилотажных приборов
    flight director system control panel
    пульт управления системой директорного управления
    flight discrepancy
    несоответствие плану полета
    flight dispatcher
    диспетчер воздушного движения
    flight distance
    дистанция полета
    flight distance-to-go
    дальность полета до пункта назначения
    flight diversion
    изменение маршрута полета
    flight documentation
    полетная документация
    flight documenting
    подготовка полетной документации
    flight duration
    продолжительность полета
    flight duty period
    1. ограничение времени полета
    2. полетное рабочее время flight emergency circumstance
    чрезвычайное обстоятельство в полете
    flight endurance
    продолжительность полета
    flight engineer
    бортинженер
    flight engineer's seat
    кресло бортинженера
    flight engineer station
    рабочее место бортинженера
    flight envelope
    диапазон режимов полета
    flight environment data
    данные об условиях полета
    flight environment data system
    система сбора воздушных параметров
    (условий полета) flight evaluation
    оценка профессиональных качеств пилота
    flight evasive aquisition
    маневр уклонения
    flight examination
    экзамен по летной подготовке
    flight experience
    налет
    flight fitness
    годность к полетам
    flight following
    слежение за вылетом
    flight forecast
    прогноз на вылет
    flight gyroscope
    гирополукомпас
    flight history
    отчет о полете
    flight hour
    летный час
    flight idle
    режим полетного малого газа
    flight idle power
    мощность на режиме полетного малого газа
    flight idle speed
    скорость полета на малом газе
    flight idle stop
    упор полетного малого газа
    (для предупреждения перевода на отрицательную тягу винта) flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении на станцию
    flight indicator
    авиагоризонт
    flight information
    1. полетная информация
    2. стирать запись полетной информации flight information board
    доска информации о рейсах
    flight information center
    центр полетной информации
    flight information display
    табло информации о рейсах
    flight information region
    район полетной информации
    flight information service
    служба полетной информации
    flight information service unit
    аэродромный диспетчерский пункт полетной информации
    flight inspection personnel
    летная инспекция
    flight inspection system
    система инспектирования полетов
    flight inspector
    пилот - инспектор
    flight instruction
    летная подготовка
    flight instructor
    пилот - инструктор
    flight instrument reading
    считывание показаний приборов в полете
    flight lane
    маршрут полета
    flight level
    эшелон полета
    flight level table
    таблица эшелонов полета
    flight load
    нагрузка в полете
    flight load feel mechanism
    полетный загрузочный механизм
    flight loading conditions
    условия нагружения в полете
    flight logbook
    бортовой журнал
    flight longitude
    географическая долгота точки маршрута
    flight management
    управление полетом
    flight management computer system
    электронная система управления полетом
    flight management system
    система управления полетом
    flight map
    карта полетов
    flight mode
    режим полета
    flight monitoring
    1. дистанционное управление воздушным судном
    2. контроль за полетом flight navigation
    аэронавигация
    flight navigator
    штурман
    flight occurrence identification
    условное обозначение события в полете
    flight on heading
    полет по курсу
    flight operating safety
    безопасность полетов
    flight operation
    выполнение полетов
    flight operations expert
    эксперт по производству налетов
    flight operations instructor
    инструктор по производству полетов
    flight operations personnel
    персонал по обеспечению полетов
    flight operations system
    система обеспечения полетов
    flight operator
    летчик
    flight outbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight over the high seas
    полет над открытым морем
    flight path
    траектория полета
    flight path angle
    угол наклона траектории полета
    flight path curvature
    кривизна траектории полета
    flight path envelope
    диапазон изменения траектории полета
    flight path segment
    участок траектории полета
    flight path tracking
    выдерживание траектории полета
    flight performance
    летная характеристика
    flight personnel
    летный состав
    flight personnel information
    информация о летном составе
    flight pick-up equipment
    приспособление для захвата объектов в процессе полета
    flight plan
    план полета
    flight plan clearance
    разрешение на выполнение плана полета
    flight plan filing
    регистрация плана полета
    flight plan form
    бланк плана полета
    flight planner
    диспетчер по планированию полетов
    flight planning
    планирование полетов
    flight plan submission deadline
    срок представления плана на полет
    flight precise information
    точная полетная информация
    flight preparation
    предполетная подготовка
    flight preparation form
    анкета предполетной подготовки
    flight procedure
    схема полета
    flight procedures trainer
    тренажер для отработки техники пилотирования
    flight progress board
    планшет хода полета
    flight progress display
    индикатор хода полета
    flight progress information
    информация о ходе полета
    flight progress strip
    полетный лист
    flight range
    дальность полета
    flight range with no reserves
    дальность полета до полного израсходования топлива
    flight reasonable precautions
    необходимые меры предосторожности в полете
    flight recorder
    бортовой регистратор
    flight recorder record
    запись бортового регистратора
    flight recorder recording
    запись бортового регистратора
    flight recorder system
    система бортовых регистраторов
    flight recording medium
    носитель полетной информации
    flight recovery
    восстановление заданного положения
    flight regularity communication
    связь по обеспечению регулярности полетов
    flight regulation
    организация полетов
    flight replanning
    изменение плана полета
    flight report
    донесение о ходе полета
    flight report identification
    условное обозначение в сообщении о ходе полета
    flight request
    заявка на полет
    flight restart
    повторный запуск в полете
    flight restart button
    кнопка запуска двигателя в воздухе
    flight resumption
    возобновление полетов
    flight review
    летная проверка
    flight route
    маршрут полета
    flight routing
    прокладка маршрута полета
    flight rules
    правила полетов
    flight safety
    безопасность полетов
    flight safety hazard
    угроза безопасности полетов
    flight safety precautions
    меры безопасности в полете
    flight schedule
    график полета
    flight service
    служба обеспечения полетов
    flight service kit
    бортовой набор инструмента
    flight service range
    эксплуатационная дальность полета
    flight service station
    станция службы обеспечения полетов
    flight significant information
    основная полетная информация
    flight simulation
    моделирование условий полета
    flight simulation system
    система имитации полета
    flight simulator
    имитатор условий полета
    flight speed
    скорость полета
    flight spoiler
    интерцептор - элерон
    flight stage
    этап полета
    flight standards
    летные нормы
    flight status
    литер рейса
    (определяет степень важности полета) flight stress measurement tests
    испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
    flight strip
    ВПП
    flight supervision
    контроль за ходом полета
    flight technique
    техника пилотирования
    flight test
    летное испытание
    flight test noise measurement
    измерение шума в процессе летных испытаний
    flight test procedure
    методика летных испытаний
    flight test recorder
    регистратор летных испытаний
    flight test technique
    методика летных испытаний
    flight thrust
    тяга в полете
    flight time
    полетное время
    flight time limitation
    ограничение полетного времени
    flight timetable
    расписание полетов
    flight track
    линия пути полета
    flight training
    летная подготовка
    flight training deficiency
    недостаток летной подготовки
    flight training procedure
    методика летной подготовки
    flight type
    тип полета
    flight under the rules
    полет по установленным правилам
    flight urgency signal
    сигнал действий в полете
    flight visibility
    видимость в полете
    flight visual contact
    визуальный контакт в полете
    flight visual cue
    визуальный ориентир в полете
    flight visual range
    дальность видимости в полете
    flight watch
    контроль полета
    flight weather briefing
    предполетный инструктаж по метеообстановке
    flight wind shear
    сдвиг ветра в зоне полета
    formation flight
    полет в строю
    free flight
    свободный полет
    full-scale flight
    имитация полета в натуральных условиях
    full-throttle flight
    полет на полном газе
    given conditions of flight
    заданные условия полета
    gliding flight
    планирующий полет
    go-around flight manoeuvre
    уход на второй круг
    govern the flight
    управлять ходом полета
    grid flight
    полет по условным меридианам
    handle the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    hazardous flight conditions
    опасные условия полета
    head-down flight
    полет по приборам
    head-up flight
    полет по индикации на стекле
    head-wind flight
    полет со встречным ветром
    hidden flight hazard
    неожиданное препятствие в полете
    high-speed flight
    скоростной полет
    hing-altitude flight
    высотный полет
    holding flight
    полет в зоне ожидания
    holding flight level
    высота полета в зоне ожидания
    horizontal flight
    горизонтальный полет
    horizontal flight path
    траектория горизонтального полета
    hover flight
    полет в режиме висения
    hypersonic flight
    гиперзвуковой полет
    idle flight
    полет на малом газе
    inaugural flight
    полет, открывающий воздушное сообщение
    inclusive flight
    туристический рейс типа инклюзив тур
    incontrollable flight
    неуправляемый полет
    in flight
    в процессе полета
    in flight blunder
    грубая ошибка в процессе полета
    in flight bump
    воздушная яма на пути полета
    instructional check flight
    учебный проверочный полет
    instructional dual flight
    учебный полет с инструктором
    instructional solo flight
    учебный самостоятельный полет
    instrument flight
    полет по приборам
    instrument flight plan
    план полета по приборам
    instrument flight procedure
    схема полета по приборам
    instrument flight rules
    правила полетов по приборам
    instrument flight rules operation
    полет по приборам
    instrument flight trainer
    тренажер для подготовки к полетам по приборам
    instrument flight training
    подготовка для полетов по приборам
    intended flight
    планируемый полет
    intended flight path
    предполагаемая траектория полета
    intermediate flight stop
    промежуточная посадка
    international flight
    международный рейс
    international flight stage
    этап полета над другим государством
    introductory flight
    вывозной полет
    inward flight
    вход в зону аэродрома
    jeopardize flight safety
    угрожать безопасности полетов
    jeopardize the flight
    подвергать полет опасности
    jettisoned load in flight
    груз, сброшенный в полете
    latch the propeller flight stop
    ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
    lateral flight path
    траектория бокового пролета
    level flight
    горизонтальный полет
    level flight noise requirements
    нормы шума при полетах на эшелоне
    level flight path
    траектория горизонтального полета
    level flight time
    время горизонтального полета
    limit flight time
    ограничивать полетное время
    line of flight
    линия полета
    line oriental flight training
    летная подготовка в условиях, приближенных к реальным
    local flight
    аэродромный полет
    long-distance flight
    магистральный полет
    low altitude flight planning chart
    карта планирования полетов на малых высотах
    lower flight level
    нижний эшелон полета
    low flight
    полет на малых высотах
    low-level flight
    бреющий полет
    low-speed flight
    полет на малой скорости
    low-visibility flight
    полет в условиях плохой видимости
    maiden flight
    первый полет
    maintain the flight level
    выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
    maintain the flight procedure
    выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
    maintain the flight watch
    выдерживать заданный график полета
    man-directed flight
    управляемый полет
    manipulate the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    mechanical flight release latch
    механизм открытия защелки в полете
    meteorological reconnaissance flight
    полет для разведки метеорологической обстановки
    mid-course flight
    полет на среднем участке маршрута
    minimum flight path
    траектория полета наименьшей продолжительности
    misinterpreted flight instructions
    команды, неправильно понятые экипажем
    misjudged flight distance
    неправильно оцененное расстояние в полете
    mode of flight
    режим полета
    modify the flight plan
    уточнять план полета
    monitor the flight
    следить за полетом
    multistage flight
    многоэтапный полет
    night flight
    ночной полет
    noise certification takeoff flight path
    траектория взлета, сертифицированная по шуму
    noiseless flight
    малошумный полет
    nonrevenue flight
    некоммерческий рейс
    nonscheduled flight
    полет вне расписания
    nonstop flight
    беспосадочный полет
    nontraffic flight
    служебный рейс
    nonvisual flight
    полет в условиях отсутствия видимости
    odd flight level
    свободный эшелон полета
    off-airway flight
    полет вне установленного маршрута
    one-stop flight
    полет с промежуточной остановкой
    one-way flight
    полет в одном направлении
    on-type flight experience
    общий налет на определенном типе воздушного судна
    operational flight information service
    оперативное полетно-информационное обслуживание
    operational flight plan
    действующий план полета
    operational flight planning
    оперативное планирование полетов
    operational flight procedures
    эксплуатационные приемы пилотирования
    orientation flight
    полет для ознакомления с местностью
    out-and-return flight
    полет туда - обратно
    out-of-trim flight
    несбалансированный полет
    outward flight
    уход из зоны аэродрома
    overland flight
    трансконтинентальный полет
    oversold flight
    перебронированный рейс
    overwater flight
    полет над водным пространством
    overweather flight
    полет над облаками
    performance flight
    полет для проверки летных характеристик
    pleasure flight
    прогулочный полет
    point-to-point flight
    полет по размеченному маршруту
    portion of a flight
    отрезок полета
    positioning flight
    полет с целью перебазирования
    powered flight
    полет с работающими двигателями
    power-off flight
    полет с выключенными двигателями
    power-on flight
    полет с работающими двигателями
    practice flight
    тренировочный полет
    prearranged flight
    запланированный полет
    prescribed flight duty
    установленные обязанности в полете
    prescribed flight track
    предписанный маршрут полета
    preset flight level
    заданный эшелон полета
    private flight
    полет с частного воздушного судна
    production test flight
    заводской испытательный полет
    profit-making flight
    прибыльный рейс
    provisional flight forecast
    ориентировочный прогноз на полет
    radio navigation flight
    полет с помощью радионавигационных средств
    reach the flight level
    занимать заданный эшелон полета
    rearward flight
    полет хвостом вперед
    receive flight instruction
    получать задания на полет
    reference flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам или по командам наземных станций
    reference flight procedure
    исходная схема полета
    reference flight speed
    расчетная скорость полета
    refuel in flight
    дозаправлять топливом в полете
    refuelling flight
    полет с дозаправкой топлива в воздухе
    regular flight
    полет по расписанию
    relief flight
    рейс для оказания помощи
    repetitive flight plan
    план повторяющихся полетов
    replan the flight
    измерять маршрут полета
    reportable flight coupon
    отчетный полетный купон
    report reaching the flight level
    докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
    restart the engine in flight
    запускать двигатель в полете
    resume the flight
    возобновлять полет
    return flight
    обратный рейс
    revenue earning flight
    коммерческий рейс
    rhumb-line flight
    полет по локсодромии
    rotorcraft flight structure
    несущая система вертолета
    round-trip flight
    полет по круговому маршруту
    routine flight
    ежедневный рейс
    sailing flight
    парящий полет
    scheduled flight
    полет по расписанию
    sector flight
    полет в установленном секторе
    select the flight route
    выбирать маршрут полета
    shakedown flight
    испытательный полет
    short-haul flight
    полет на короткое расстояние
    shuttle flights
    челночные полеты
    sideward flight speed
    скорость бокового движения
    (вертолета) sight-seeing flight
    прогулочный полет с осмотром достопримечательностей
    simulated flight
    имитируемый полет
    simulated flight test
    испытание путем имитации полета
    simulated instrument flight
    имитируемый полет по приборам
    single-engined flight
    полет на одном двигателе
    single-heading flight
    полет с постоянным курсом
    soaring flight
    парящий полет
    solo flight
    самостоятельный полет
    special event flight
    полет в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    stabilized flight
    установившийся полет
    staggered flight level
    смещенный эшелон полета
    stall flight
    полет на критическом угле атаки
    standoff flight
    полет в установленной зоне
    stationary flight
    установившийся полет
    steady flight
    установившийся полет
    steady flight speed
    скорость установившегося полета
    still-air flight
    полет в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight range
    дальность полета в невозмущенной атмосфере
    stored flight plan
    резервный план полета
    straight flight
    прямолинейный полет
    submission of a flight plan
    представление плана полета
    submit the flight plan
    представлять план полета
    subsonic flight
    дозвуковой полет
    supernumerary flight crew
    дополнительный летный экипаж
    supersonic flight
    сверхзвуковой полет
    supervised flight
    полет под наблюдением
    supplementary flight plan
    дополнительный план полета
    synthetic flight trainer
    комплексный пилотажный тренажер
    tailwind flight
    полет с попутным ветром
    takeoff flight path
    траектория взлета
    takeoff flight path area
    зона набора высоты при взлете
    taxi-class flight
    рейс аэротакси
    terminate the flight
    завершать полет
    test flight
    испытательный полет
    test in flight
    испытывать в полете
    theory of flight
    теория полета
    through flight
    сквозной полет
    through on the same flight
    транзитом тем же рейсом
    total flight experience
    общий налет
    traffic by flight stage
    поэтапные воздушные перевозки
    training dual flight
    тренировочный полет с инструктором
    training flight
    тренировочный полет
    training flight engineer
    бортинженер - инструктор
    training solo flight
    тренировочный самостоятельный полет
    transfer flight
    рейс с пересадкой
    transient flight
    неустановившийся полет
    transient flight path
    траектория неустановившегося полета
    transit flight
    транзитный рейс
    trial flight
    испытательный полет
    turbulent flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    turnround flight
    полет туда-обратно
    unaccelerated flight
    установившийся полет
    uncontrolled flight
    неконтролируемый полет
    under flight test
    испытываемый в полете
    undergo flight tests
    проводить летные испытания
    unofficial flight information
    неофициальная информация о полете
    unscheduled flight
    полет вне расписания
    unsteady flight
    неустановившийся полет
    upper flight information region
    верхний район полетной информации
    upper flight level
    верхний эшелон полета
    upper flight region
    район полетов верхнего воздушного пространства
    usable flight level
    рабочий эшелон полета
    vectored flight
    управляемый полет
    visual contact flight
    полет с визуальной ориентировкой
    visual flight
    визуальный полет
    visual flight rules
    правила визуального полета
    visual navigation flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам
    VOR course flight
    полет по маякам ВОР
    while in flight
    в процессе полета
    wings-level flight
    полет без крена
    with rated power flight
    полет на номинальном расчетном режиме

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > flight

  • 14 move

    A n
    1 ( movement) gen mouvement m ; ( gesture) geste m ; one move and you're dead! un geste et vous êtes mort! ; to watch sb's every move surveiller chacun des gestes de qn ; don't make any sudden moves ne fais pas de mouvement brusque ; there was a move towards the door il y a eu un mouvement vers la porte ; let's make a move ○ si on bougeait ○ ? ; it's time I made a move ○ il est temps de partir ;
    2 ( transfer) ( of residence) déménagement m ; ( of company) transfert m ; the move took a day le déménagement a pris une journée ; the firm's move out of town le transfert de la société à l'extérieur de la ville ; our friends helped with the move nos amis nous ont aidés à déménager ; our move to Brighton notre installation à Brighton ; to make the move to London [family] s'installer à Londres ; [firm] être transféré à Londres ; [employee] être muté à Londres ; she made the move from sales to management elle est passée des ventes à la direction ; she's due for a move il est temps de la muter ;
    3 Games coup m ; his last/next move son dernier/prochain coup ; white has the first move les blancs jouent en premier ; it's your move c'est ton tour, c'est à toi de jouer ;
    4 (step, act) manœuvre f ; a good/bad move une bonne/mauvaise idée ; what's our next move? que faisons-nous ensuite? ; to make the first move faire le premier pas ; they have made no move(s) to allay public anxiety ils n'ont rien fait pour rassurer l'opinion publique ; there has been a move towards liberalization il y a eu une évolution dans le sens de la libéralisation ; in a move to counter opposition attacks… pour tenter de parer les attaques de l'opposition…
    B on the move adj phr to be on the move [army] être en mouvement ; [train] être en marche ; to be always on the move [diplomat, family] être tout le temps en train de déménager ; [nomad, traveller] être toujours sur les routes or par monts et par vaux ; the circus is on the move again le cirque repart à nouveau ; a society on the move fig une société en pleine évolution.
    C vtr
    1 ( change position of) déplacer [game piece, cursor, bus stop, car, furniture] ; transporter [injured person, patient, army] ; ( to clear a space) enlever [object] ; move your things! enlève tes affaires! ; to move sb to another hospital transporter qn dans un autre hôpital ; he's too ill to be moved il est trop malade pour être transporté ; to move sth off enlever qch de [table, chair] ; to move sth out of enlever qch de [room, house] ; move the chair out of the way enlève la chaise de là ; move your head, I can't see! pousse ta tête, je ne vois rien! ; to move sth into transporter qch dans [room, garden] ; to move sth upstairs/downstairs monter/descendre qch ; to move sth further away/closer éloigner/rapprocher qch ; to move troops to the front envoyer des troupes au front ;
    2 ( set in motion) [person] bouger, remuer [limb, finger, head] ; [wind, water, mechanism] faire bouger [leaf, branch, wheel, cog] ;
    3 ( to new location or job) muter [employee, staff] ; transférer [office, headquarters] ; I've asked to be moved j'ai demandé à être muté ;
    4 (to new house, site) déménager [furniture, belongings, equipment] ; to move house déménager ; a local firm moved us une entreprise locale a fait notre déménagement ;
    5 ( affect) émouvoir [person] ; to be moved by sth être ému par qch ; moved to tears ému aux larmes ;
    6 (prompt, motivate) to move sb to/to do [circumstance] amener qn à/à faire ; he was moved to act by the letter la lettre l'a incité à agir ; I felt moved to protest j'ai senti que je devais protester ;
    7 ( propose) proposer [amendment, adjournment] ; to move that the matter (should) be put to the vote proposer que la question soit soumise au vote ;
    8 (sell, shift) vendre [goods, stock].
    D vi
    1 (stir, not stay still) [person, branch, earth] bouger ; [lips] remuer ; don't move! ne bouge pas! ; it won't move cela ne bouge pas ; will you please move! veux-tu te pousser? ; I can't move for plants in here GB je ne peux pas bouger ici, tellement il y a de plantes ; you can't move for tourists in town GB on ne peut rien faire en ville, tellement il y a de touristes ;
    2 (proceed, travel) [vehicle] rouler ; [person] avancer ; [procession, army] être en marche ; we were moving at about 65 kilometres an hour nous roulions à environ 65 kilomètres à l'heure ; we'd better keep moving nous ferions mieux de continuer ; we must get things moving fig nous devons faire avancer les choses ; things are starting to move on the job front les choses commencent à avancer côté travail ; go on, get moving! allez, avance! ; to move into entrer dans ; to move out of sortir de ; we are moving into a new era in science nous entrons dans une nouvelle ère de la science ; to move along/across avancer le long de/à travers ; his fingers moved rapidly over the keys ses doigts couraient sur les touches ; to move back reculer ; to move forward s'avancer ; to move away s'éloigner ; she has moved away from this view elle a changé d'avis ; to move away from the window s'écarter de la fenêtre ; to move up monter ; to move down descendre ; public opinion has moved to the right l'opinion publique a glissé vers la droite ;
    3 ○ ( proceed quickly) that cat can really move! ce chat est très vif! ; that traffic cop's ○ really moving! t'as vu comme il bombe ce motard ○ ! ;
    4 (change home, location) [person, family, firm, shop] déménager ; to move to s'installer à [countryside, Paris] ; s'installer en [Scotland, France] ; to move to a bigger/smaller house s'installer dans une maison plus grande/plus petite ; to move to Avenue Gambetta/Oxford Street s'installer avenue Gambetta/dans Oxford Street ; to move back to England se réinstaller en Angleterre ;
    5 ( change job) être muté ; to move to être muté à [accounts, different department] ;
    6 ( act) agir ; to move on intervenir sur [problem, question] ; to move to do intervenir pour faire ; he moved swiftly to deny the allegations il s'est empressé de démentir les allégations ;
    7 Games [player] jouer ; [piece] se déplacer ;
    8 Comm (sell, be sold) se vendre ; this line is moving fast ces articles se vendent bien.
    E ○ v refl to move oneself se pousser ; move yourself! ( get out of way) pousse-toi! ; ( hurry up) avance!
    to get a move on ○ se magner ○, se dépêcher ; to make a move on sb ○ draguer ○ qn ; to move with the times vivre avec son temps ; to put the moves on sb ○ US faire des avances à qn.
    ■ move about, move around:
    1 ( to different position) [person] remuer ; [object] bouger ;
    2 ( to different home) déménager ;
    ▶ move [sb/sth] about déplacer [object, furniture] ; they move him around a lot between branches/departments on le fait souvent changer de succursale/service.
    1 ( stop loitering) circuler ; ( proceed) avancer ; ( squeeze up) se pousser ; move along please! ( on bus) avancez un peu dans le fond s'il vous plaît! ;
    2 fig ( progress) things are moving along nicely les choses se mettent en place ;
    ▶ move [sb/sth] along faire circuler [loiterers, crowd] ; faire avancer [herd, group].
    ■ move away:
    ▶ move away ( by moving house) déménager ; ( by leaving scene of activity) partir ; to move away from quitter [area, accident scene] ;
    ▶ move [sb/sth] away, move away [sb/sth] faire reculer [crowd] ; déplacer [obstruction].
    ■ move down:
    ▶ move down (in list, hierarchy) descendre ;
    ▶ move [sb] down, move down [sb]
    1 GB Sch faire repasser [qn] au niveau inférieur [pupil] ;
    2 gen (in division, ranking) faire redescendre [team, player] ;
    ▶ move [sth] down, move down [sth] ( to lower shelf etc) mettre [qch] plus bas.
    ■ move in:
    ▶ move in
    1 ( to house) emménager ; to move in with s'installer avec [friend, relative] ; aller vivre avec [lover] ;
    2 (advance, attack) [troops, police, bulldozer] s'avancer ; to move in on [police, attackers, demolition men] s'avancer sur [person, site] ; [corporate raider, racketeer] lancer une opération sur [market, company] ;
    3 ( intervene) [company, government] intervenir ;
    ▶ move [sb] in, move in [sb]
    1 ( place in housing) [authorities, council] installer [family etc] ;
    2 ( change residence) a friend helped to move me in un ami m'a aidé à emménager.
    ■ move off [procession, parade] partir ; [vehicle] se mettre en route ; [troops] se mettre en marche.
    ■ move on:
    ▶ move on
    1 [person, traveller] se mettre en route ; [vehicle] repartir ; [time] passer ; to move on to aller à [Manchester, Lille etc] ; to move on to a new town aller dans une autre ville ; passer à [next item] ; to move on to consider sth passer à qch ; to move on to sth better faire quelque chose de mieux ; let's move on ( in discussion) passons au point suivant ;
    2 ( keep moving) [crowd, traffic] circuler ;
    3 ( develop) things have moved on since depuis, les choses ont changé ; I'm OK now, I've moved on ça va maintenant, c'est du passé ;
    ▶ move [sth] on, move on [sth] GB faire avancer [discussion] ; avancer [clock hands] ;
    ▶ move [sb] on, move on [sb] GB faire circuler [busker, street trader].
    ■ move out:
    ▶ move out ( of house) déménager ; ( of camp) [soldiers, tanks] quitter les lieux ; to move out of quitter [house, office, area] ;
    ▶ move [sb/sth] out, move out [sb/sth] évacuer [residents] ; enlever [object].
    ■ move over:
    1 se pousser ; move over! pousse-toi ;
    2 fig ( for younger generation etc) céder la place (for sb à qn) ;
    ▶ move [sb/sth] over déplacer [person, object] ; move it over to the left déplace-le vers la gauche.
    ■ move up:
    ▶ move up
    1 ( make room) se pousser ;
    2 ( be promoted) [employee] recevoir une promotion ; to move up to second place (in list, chart) passer à la seconde place ; to move up to the first division passer en première division ;
    ▶ move [sb] up, move up [sb]
    1 GB Sch faire passer [qn] au niveau supérieur [pupil] ;
    2 Sport (into higher league, division) faire monter [team, player] ;
    ▶ move [sth] up ( to higher shelf etc) mettre [qch] plus haut.

    Big English-French dictionary > move

  • 15 press

    press [pres]
    presse ⇒ 1 (a)-(e) serrement ⇒ 1 (i) appuyer (sur) ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (e), 4 (a) presser ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) forcer ⇒ 3 (d) faire pression ⇒ 4 (b)
    1 noun
    (a) (newspapers) presse f;
    ∎ the national/local press la presse nationale/locale;
    ∎ freedom of the press la liberté de la presse;
    ∎ they advertised in the press ils ont fait passer une annonce dans les journaux;
    ∎ reports in the press were biased les comptes rendus parus dans la presse étaient tendancieux;
    ∎ they managed to keep her name out of the press ils ont réussi à ce que son nom ne paraisse pas dans la presse
    (b) (journalists) presse f;
    ∎ the press were there la presse était là;
    ∎ she's a member of the press elle a une carte de presse;
    ∎ ironic the gentlemen of the press ces messieurs de la presse
    (c) (report, opinion) presse f;
    ∎ to get (a) good/bad press avoir bonne/mauvaise presse;
    ∎ to give sb (a) good/bad press faire l'éloge/la critique de qn
    (d) (printing) presse f;
    ∎ to go to press (book) être mis sous presse; (newspaper) partir à l'impression;
    ∎ we go to press at 5 p.m. on est mis sous presse à 5 heures; (copy deadline) on boucle à 5 heures;
    ∎ in or at (the) press sous presse;
    ∎ hot or straight from the press tout frais;
    ∎ ready for press prêt à mettre sous presse;
    ∎ the proofs were passed for press on a donné le bon à tirer;
    ∎ prices correct at time of going to press prix corrects au moment de la mise sous presse
    ∎ (printing) press presse f;
    ∎ to set the presses rolling mettre les presses en marche; figurative mettre la machine en marche
    (f) (publisher) presses fpl
    (g) (for tennis racket, handicrafts, woodwork, trousers) presse f; (for cider, oil, wine) pressoir m
    ∎ the machine dispenses hot coffee at the press of a button il suffit d'appuyer sur un bouton pour que la machine distribue du café chaud;
    ∎ give it a slight press appuyez légèrement là-dessus
    (i) (squeeze) serrement m;
    ∎ he gave my hand a quick press il m'a serré la main rapidement
    (j) (crowd) foule f; (rush) bousculade f; literary (of battle) mêlée f;
    ∎ in the press for the door we became separated dans la ruée de la foule vers la porte, nous avons été séparés;
    ∎ to force one's way through the press fendre la foule, se frayer un chemin à travers la foule
    (k) (ironing) coup m de fer;
    ∎ to give sth a press donner un coup de fer à qch
    (l) Irish & Scottish (cupboard) placard m, armoire f
    (m) (in weightlifting) développé m
    (n) (in basketball) pressing m;
    ∎ full court press zone-presse f (tout terrain);
    ∎ American figurative it was the full court press on faisait le maximum;
    ∎ to be engaged in a full court press to do sth faire le maximum ou tout son possible pour faire qch
    (p) Military recrutement m de force
    ∎ press of sail or canvas pleine voilure f;
    ∎ under press of sail toutes voiles dehors
    (reporter, photographer) de presse; (advertising) dans la presse
    (a) (push → button, bell, trigger, accelerator) appuyer sur;
    ∎ try pressing it essayez d'appuyer dessus;
    ∎ he pressed the lid shut il a fermé le couvercle (en appuyant dessus);
    ∎ to press sth flat aplatir qch;
    ∎ to press sth home enfoncer qch;
    ∎ to press sth (back) into shape rendre sa forme à qch;
    ∎ to press one's way through a crowd/to the front se frayer un chemin à travers une foule/jusqu'au premier rang;
    ∎ he was pressed (up) against the railings il s'est trouvé coincé contre le grillage;
    ∎ I pressed myself against the wall je me suis collé contre le mur;
    ∎ she pressed a note into my hand elle m'a glissé un billet dans la main;
    ∎ he pressed his nose (up) against the window il a collé son nez à la vitre;
    ∎ he pressed his hat down on his head il rabattit ou enfonça son chapeau sur sa tête;
    ∎ she pressed the papers down into the bin elle a enfoncé les papiers dans la poubelle
    (b) (squeeze → hand, arm) presser, serrer; (→ grapes, lemon, olives) presser;
    ∎ she pressed her son to her elle serra son fils contre elle
    (c) (urge) presser, pousser; (harass) harceler, talonner;
    ∎ to press sb for payment/an answer presser qn de payer/répondre;
    ∎ she pressed me to tell her the truth elle me pressa de lui dire la vérité;
    ∎ if you press her she'll tell you si tu insistes, elle te le dira;
    ∎ if pressed, he would admit… quand on insistait ou le poussait, il admettait…;
    ∎ his creditors were pressing him hard ses créanciers le harcelaient ou ne lui laissaient pas le moindre répit;
    ∎ to be pressed for time/money être à court de temps/d'argent
    (d) (force) forcer, obliger;
    ∎ I was pressed into signing the contract j'ai été obligé de signer le contrat;
    ∎ don't let yourself be pressed into going ne laissez personne vous forcer à y aller
    (e) (impose, push forward → claim) appuyer, pousser; (→ opinions) insister sur;
    ∎ can I press a cup of tea on you? puis-je vous offrir une tasse de thé?;
    ∎ to press a gift on sb forcer qn à accepter un cadeau;
    ∎ to press (home) one's advantage profiter d'un avantage;
    ∎ to press one's attentions on sb poursuivre qn de ses assiduités;
    ∎ I don't want to press the point je ne veux pas insister;
    ∎ Law to press charges against sb engager des poursuites contre qn
    (f) (iron → shirt, tablecloth) repasser
    (g) (manufacture in mould → component) mouler; (→ record) presser
    (h) (preserve by pressing → flower) presser, faire sécher (dans un livre ou un pressoir)
    (j) Military (enlist by force) recruter ou enrôler de force;
    ∎ figurative to press into service réquisitionner;
    ∎ the local mechanic was pressed into service le mécanicien du coin fut réquisitionné pour la circonstance
    (a) (push) appuyer;
    ∎ press here appuyez ou pressez ici;
    ∎ he pressed (down) on the accelerator il appuya sur l'accélérateur;
    ∎ the crowd pressed against the barriers/round the President la foule se pressait contre les barrières/autour du président;
    ∎ they pressed forward to get a better view ils poussaient pour essayer de mieux voir;
    ∎ to press through a crowd se frayer un chemin à travers une foule;
    ∎ to press close against sb se serrer contre qn
    (b) (weight, burden) faire pression (on sur); (troubles) peser (on à);
    ∎ the rucksack pressed on his shoulders le sac à dos pesait sur ses épaules;
    ∎ her problems pressed on her mind ses problèmes lui pesaient;
    ∎ time presses! le temps presse!
    ∎ he pressed hard to get the grant il a fait des pieds et des mains pour obtenir la bourse;
    ∎ to press for an answer insister pour avoir une réponse immédiate;
    ∎ to press for an adjournment/the law to be tightened up exiger un ajournement/que la loi soit renforcée
    (d) (iron) se repasser;
    ∎ some shirts press easily il y a des chemises qui se repassent facilement
    ►► press agency agence f de presse;
    press agent attaché(e) m,f de presse;
    British the Press Association = la principale agence de presse britannique;
    press attaché attaché(e) m,f de presse;
    press badge macaron m de presse;
    press baron magnat m de la presse;
    press box tribune f de (la) presse;
    press button bouton-poussoir m;
    press campaign campagne f de presse;
    press card carte f de presse ou de journaliste;
    press clipping coupure f de presse or de journal;
    British the Press Complaints Commission = organisme britannique de contrôle de la presse;
    press conference conférence f de presse;
    press copy (of book) exemplaire m de service de presse;
    press corps journalistes mpl;
    ∎ the White House press corps = les journalistes accrédités à la Maison-Blanche;
    British the Press Council = organisme indépendant veillant au respect de la déontologie dans la presse britannique;
    press coverage couverture-presse f;
    ∎ the resignation got a lot of press coverage la démission a été largement couverte dans la presse;
    British press cutting coupure f de presse ou de journal;
    ∎ a collection of press cuttings une collection de coupures de journaux, un dossier de presse;
    press gallery tribune f de (la) presse;
    press handout communiqué m de presse;
    press insert encart m presse;
    press kit dossier m de presse (distribué aux journalistes);
    press lord magnat m de la presse;
    press office service m de presse;
    press officer responsable mf des relations avec la presse;
    press pack dossier m de presse;
    press pass carte f de presse;
    Typography press proof tierce f;
    press relations relations fpl presse;
    press release communiqué m de presse;
    press report reportage m;
    ∎ press reports of the incident were inaccurate les articles de presse relatant l'incident étaient inexacts;
    press run tirage m;
    Politics press secretary ≃ porte-parole m inv du gouvernement;
    British press stud bouton-pression m, pression f
    appuyer sur; (with force) enfoncer
    ∎ to press down on sb peser sur qn
    (demand) exiger, réclamer;
    ∎ they pressed for a pay rise ils ont réclamé ou exigé une augmentation de salaire;
    ∎ the residents are pressing for a pedestrian zone les résidents font pression pour obtenir une zone piétonnière;
    ∎ the opposition are pressing for an enquiry l'opposition exige une enquête ou insiste pour que l'on fasse une enquête
    enfoncer
    (continue → on journey) poursuivre ou continuer son chemin; (→ with activity) continuer; (persevere → in enterprise, job) poursuivre, persévérer;
    ∎ the travellers pressed on in the darkness les voyageurs poursuivirent leur chemin dans la nuit;
    ∎ we must press on to York or as far as York il faut poursuivre jusqu'à York;
    ∎ we pressed on regardless nous avons continué malgré tout
    (job, negotiations) continuer, poursuivre;
    ∎ they pressed on with the plan in spite of opposition ils ont poursuivi leur projet malgré l'opposition rencontrée
    (a) (juice etc) exprimer
    (b) Technology (holes) percer; (shapes, parts) découper

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > press

  • 16 meet

    1. transitive verb,
    1) (come face to face with or into the company of) treffen

    I have to meet my boss at 11 a.m. — ich habe um 11 Uhr einen Termin beim Chef

    arrange to meet somebody — sich mit jemandem verabreden

    2) (go to place of arrival of) treffen; (collect) abholen

    I'll meet your train — ich hole dich vom Zug ab

    meet somebody halfway — (fig.) jemandem [auf halbem Wege] entgegenkommen

    3) (make the acquaintance of) kennen lernen

    pleased to meet you — [sehr] angenehm; sehr erfreut

    4) (reach point of contact with) treffen auf (+ Akk.)

    meet the eye/somebody's eye[s] — sich den/jemandes Blicken darbieten

    meet the ear/somebody's ears — das/jemandes Ohr treffen

    there's more to it than meets the eye — da ist od. steckt mehr dahinter, als man zuerst denkt

    5) (experience) stoßen auf (+ Akk.) [Widerstand, Problem]; ernten [Gelächter, Drohungen]

    meet [one's] death or one's end/disaster/one's fate — den Tod finden (geh.) /von einer Katastrophe/seinem Schicksal ereilt werden (geh.)

    6) (satisfy) entsprechen (+ Dat.) [Forderung, Wunsch]; einhalten [Termin, Zeitplan]
    7) (pay) decken [Kosten, Auslagen]; bezahlen [Rechnung]
    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (come face to face) (by chance) sich (Dat.) begegnen; (by arrangement) sich treffen
    2) (assemble) [Komitee, Ausschuss usw.:] tagen
    3) (come together) [Bahnlinien, Straßen usw.:] aufeinander treffen; [Flüsse] zusammenfließen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/89078/meet_up">meet up
    * * *
    [mi:t] 1. past tense, past participle - met; verb
    1) (to come face to face with (eg a person whom one knows), by chance: She met a man on the train.) treffen
    2) ((sometimes, especially American, with with) to come together with (a person etc), by arrangement: The committee meets every Monday.) zusammenkommen
    3) (to be introduced to (someone) for the first time: Come and meet my wife.) kennenlernen
    4) (to join: Where do the two roads meet?) sich schneiden
    5) (to be equal to or satisfy (eg a person's needs, requirements etc): Will there be sufficient stocks to meet the public demand?) gerecht werden
    6) (to come into the view, experience or presence of: A terrible sight met him / his eyes when he opened the door.) (ins Auge) fallen, treffen auf
    7) (to come to or be faced with: He met his death in a car accident.) finden, gegenübertreten
    8) ((with with) to experience or suffer; to receive a particular response: She met with an accident; The scheme met with their approval.) erleiden, stoßen auf
    9) (to answer or oppose: We will meet force with greater force.) erwidern
    2. noun
    (a gathering, especially of sportsmen: The local huntsmen are holding a meet this week.) die Jagdgesellschaft
    - meeting
    - meet someone halfway
    - meet halfway
    * * *
    [mi:t]
    I. n
    1. (sporting event) Sportveranstaltung f
    2. BRIT (fox hunt) Jagdtreffen nt (zur Fuchsjagd)
    3. COMPUT Und-/Oder-Funktion f
    II. vt
    <met, met>
    1. (by chance)
    ▪ to \meet sb jdn treffen
    I met her in the street ich bin ihr auf der Straße begegnet
    I happened to \meet him ich habe ihn zufällig getroffen
    our car met another car on the narrow road auf der engen Straße kam unserem Auto ein anderes entgegen
    to \meet sb face to face jdm persönlich begegnen
    ▪ to \meet sb sich akk mit jdm treffen
    \meet me in front of the library at five warte um fünf vor der Bibliothek auf mich
    I arranged to \meet her on Thursday ich verabredete mich mit ihr für Donnerstag
    ▪ to \meet sb jdn abholen
    I went to the airport to \meet my brother ich fuhr zum Flughafen, um meinen Bruder abzuholen
    a bus \meets every train zu jedem Zug gibt es einen Anschlussbus
    ▪ to \meet sb jdn kennenlernen
    I'd like you to \meet my best friend Betty ich möchte dir meine beste Freundin Betty vorstellen
    Frank, \meet Dorothy Frank, darf ich dir Dorothy vorstellen?
    [it's] a pleasure to \meet you sehr erfreut, Sie kennenzulernen
    I've never met anyone quite like her ich habe noch nie so jemanden wie sie getroffen
    ▪ to \meet sth auf etw akk treffen
    his eyes met hers ihre Blicke trafen sich
    I met his gaze ich hielt seinem Blick stand
    it's where Front Street \meets Queen Street es ist da, wo die Front Street auf die Queen Street stößt
    where the mountains \meet the sea wo das Meer an die Berge heranreicht
    to \meet sb's glance jds Blick erwidern
    6. (fulfil)
    ▪ to \meet sth etw erfüllen
    to \meet the cost of sth die Kosten für etw akk übernehmen
    to \meet a deadline einen Termin einhalten
    to \meet [the] demand die Nachfrage befriedigen
    to \meet sb's expenses für jds Kosten aufkommen
    to \meet an obligation einer Verpflichtung nachkommen
    ▪ to \meet sth etw dat entgegentreten
    they had to \meet the threat posed by the Austrians sie mussten auf die Bedrohung durch die Österreicher reagieren
    to \meet a challenge sich akk einer Herausforderung stellen
    to \meet objections Einwände widerlegen
    ▪ to \meet sth mit etw dat konfrontiert sein
    these are the kind of difficulties you \meet on the road to success dies sind die Schwierigkeiten, die dir auf dem Weg zum Erfolg begegnen
    the troops met stiff opposition die Truppen stießen auf starke Gegenwehr
    9. (fight)
    ▪ to \meet sb SPORT auf jdn treffen, gegen jdn antreten; MIL gegen jdn kämpfen
    to \meet an enemy in battle einem Feind in der Schlacht begegnen
    10.
    ▶ to \meet danger head on sich dat der Gefahr stellen
    ▶ to \meet one's death den Tod finden
    ▶ to go to \meet one's maker das Zeitliche segnen
    ▶ to \meet sb halfway jdm auf halbem Weg entgegenkommen
    ▶ to make ends \meet über die Runden kommen
    ▶ to \meet one's match seinen Meister finden
    ▶ there's more to this than \meets the eye es steckt mehr dahinter, als es den Anschein hat
    ▶ to \meet one's Waterloo BRIT sein Waterloo erleben
    III. vi
    <met, met>
    1. (by chance) sich dat begegnen
    we met in the street wir sind uns auf der Straße begegnet
    2. (by arrangement) sich akk treffen
    to \meet for a drink/for lunch sich akk auf einen Drink/zum Mittagessen treffen
    3. (get acquainted) sich akk kennenlernen
    no, we haven't met nein, wir kennen uns noch nicht
    I've mistrusted him from the day we met ich habe ihm vom ersten Tag [unserer Bekanntschaft] an misstraut
    4. (congregate) zusammenkommen
    Congress will \meet next week der Kongress wird nächsten Monat tagen
    the children's club \meets every Thursday afternoon der Kinderklub trifft sich jeden Donnerstagnachmittag
    the committee is \meeting to discuss the issue tomorrow der Ausschuss tritt morgen zusammen, um über die Frage zu beraten
    5. SPORT aufeinandertreffen, gegeneinander antreten
    6. (join) zusammentreffen; roads, lines zusammenlaufen; counties, states aneinandergrenzen
    the curtains don't \meet die Vorhänge gehen nicht zusammen
    their hands met under the table ihre Hände begegneten sich unter dem Tisch
    our eyes met unsere Blicke trafen sich
    their lips met in a passionate kiss ihre Lippen trafen sich zu einem leidenschaftlichen Kuss
    * * *
    I [miːt]
    adj (obs)
    geziemend (liter)

    it is meet that... — es ist billig or (ge)ziemt sich (liter, old), dass...

    II [miːt] vb: pret, ptp met
    1. vt
    1) (= encounter) person treffen, begegnen (+dat); (by arrangement) treffen, sich treffen mit; difficulty stoßen auf (+acc); (SPORT) treffen auf (+acc)

    he met his guests at the door —

    he met him in a duel — er duellierte sich mit ihm

    he met his death in 1800 —

    the last time the two teams met there was a riot — bei der letzten Begegnung zwischen beiden Teams kam es zu heftigen Auseinandersetzungen

    there's more to it than meets the eye — da steckt mehr dahinter, als man auf den ersten Blick meint

    2) (= get to know) kennenlernen; (= be introduced to) bekannt gemacht werden mit

    you don't know him? come and meet him — du kennst ihn nicht? komm, ich mache dich mit ihm bekannt

    pleased to meet you! — guten Tag/Abend, sehr angenehm! (form)

    3) (= await arrival, collect) abholen (at an +dat, von); (= connect with) train, boat etc Anschluss haben an (+acc)

    I'll meet your train —

    the car will meet the train — der Wagen wartet am Bahnhof or steht am Bahnhof bereit

    4) (= join, run into) treffen or stoßen auf (+acc); (= converge with) sich vereinigen mit; (river) münden or fließen in (+acc); (= intersect) schneiden; (= touch) berühren
    5) expectations, target, obligations, deadline erfüllen; requirement, demand, wish entsprechen (+dat), gerecht werden (+dat); deficit, expenses, needs decken; debt bezahlen, begleichen; charge, objection, criticism begegnen (+dat)
    2. vi
    1) (= encounter) (people) sich begegnen; (by arrangement) sich treffen; (society, committee etc) zusammenkommen, tagen; (SPORT) aufeinandertreffen; (in duel) sich duellieren

    keep it until we meet again — behalten Sie es, bis wir uns mal wiedersehen

    until we meet again! — bis zum nächsten Mal!

    2) (= become acquainted) sich kennenlernen; (= be introduced) bekannt gemacht werden

    haven't we met before somewhere? — sind wir uns nicht schon mal begegnet?, kennen wir uns nicht irgendwoher?

    3) (= join) sich treffen, aufeinanderstoßen; (= converge) sich vereinigen; (rivers) ineinanderfließen; (= intersect) sich schneiden; (= touch) sich berühren; (fig = come together) sich treffen
    3. n (Brit HUNT)
    Jagd(veranstaltung) f; (US) (ATHLETICS) Sportfest nt; (SWIMMING) Schwimmfest nt
    * * *
    meet [miːt]
    A v/t prät und pperf met [met]
    1. a) begegnen (dat), zusammentreffen mit, treffen (auf akk), antreffen:
    meet each other einander begegnen, sich treffen;
    well met obs schön, dass wir uns treffen!
    b) treffen, sich treffen mit
    2. jemanden kennenlernen:
    when I first met him als ich seine Bekanntschaft machte, als ich ihn kennenlernte;
    pleased to meet you umg sehr erfreut(, Sie kennenzulernen)!;
    meet Mr. Brown bes US darf ich Ihnen Herrn Brown vorstellen?
    3. jemanden abholen:
    meet sb at the station, meet sb off the train, meet sb’s train jemanden von der Bahn oder vom Bahnhof abholen;
    be met abgeholt oder empfangen werden;
    come (go) to meet sb jemandem entgegenkommen (-gehen)
    4. → halfway B 1
    5. gegenübertreten (dat) (auch fig)
    6. (feindlich) zusammentreffen oder -stoßen mit, begegnen (dat), SPORT auch antreten gegen, auf einen Gegner treffen: → fate 2
    7. fig entgegentreten (dat):
    a) einer Sache abhelfen
    b) Schwierigkeiten überwinden, ein Problem lösen, fertig werden mit, Herr werden (gen):
    meet the competition der Konkurrenz begegnen
    c) Einwände widerlegen, entgegnen auf (akk)
    8. fig (an)treffen, finden, erfahren
    9. POL sich dem Parlament vorstellen (neue Regierung)
    10. a) berühren
    b) münden in (akk) (Straße etc)
    c) stoßen oder treffen auf (akk):
    meet sb’s eye jemandem ins Auge fallen oder auffallen;
    she met his eyes ihre Blicke trafen sich;
    meet sb’s eyes jemandem in die Augen sehen;
    meet the eye auffallen;
    11. versammeln (besonders passiv):
    be met sich zusammengefunden haben, beisammen sein
    12. den Anforderungen etc entsprechen, gerecht werden (dat), übereinstimmen mit, Bedarf, Nachfrage etc decken:
    the supply meets the demand das Angebot entspricht der Nachfrage;
    be well met gut zusammenpassen;
    that won’t meet my case das löst mein Problem nicht, damit komme ich nicht weiter
    13. jemandes Wünschen entgegenkommen oder entsprechen, eine Forderung erfüllen, einen Termin einhalten, einer Verpflichtung nachkommen, Unkosten bestreiten oder decken, eine Rechnung begleichen:
    a) einer Forderung nachkommen,
    b) eine Nachfrage befriedigen;
    meet sb’s expenses jemandes Auslagen decken;
    meet a bill WIRTSCH einen Wechsel honorieren
    B v/i
    1. zusammenkommen, -treffen, -treten, sich versammeln, tagen
    2. sich begegnen, sich (auch verabredungsgemäß) treffen:
    their eyes met ihre Blicke trafen sich;
    we have met (before) wir kennen uns schon;
    have we met before? kennen wir uns?;
    meet again sich wiedersehen
    3. (feindlich) zusammenstoßen, aneinandergeraten, SPORT aufeinandertreffen, sich begegnen (Gegner)
    4. sich kennenlernen
    5. a) sich vereinigen (Straßen etc)
    b) sich berühren, in Berührung kommen (auch Interessen etc)
    6. genau zusammentreffen oder -stimmen oder -passen, sich decken:
    this skirt does not meet dieser Rock ist zu eng oder geht nicht zu; → end Bes Redew
    a) zusammentreffen mit,
    b) sich treffen mit,
    c) (an)treffen, finden, (zufällig) stoßen auf (akk),
    d) erleben, erleiden, erfahren, betroffen oder befallen werden von, erhalten, bekommen:
    meet with an accident einen Unfall erleiden oder haben, verunglücken;
    meet with (sb’s) approval (jemandes) Billigung oder Beifall finden;
    meet with a refusal auf Ablehnung stoßen;
    meet with success Erfolg haben;
    meet with a kind reception freundlich aufgenommen werden
    C s
    1. besonders US
    a) Treffen n (von Zügen etc)
    b) → meeting 6 b
    2. JAGD besonders Br
    a) Jagdtreffen n (zur Fuchsjagd)
    b) Jagdgesellschaft f
    c) Sammelplatz m
    D adj obs
    1. passend
    2. angemessen, geziemend:
    it is meet that … es schickt sich, dass …
    * * *
    1. transitive verb,

    I have to meet my boss at 11 a.m. — ich habe um 11 Uhr einen Termin beim Chef

    meet somebody halfway — (fig.) jemandem [auf halbem Wege] entgegenkommen

    pleased to meet you — [sehr] angenehm; sehr erfreut

    4) (reach point of contact with) treffen auf (+ Akk.)

    meet the eye/somebody's eye[s] — sich den/jemandes Blicken darbieten

    meet the ear/somebody's ears — das/jemandes Ohr treffen

    there's more to it than meets the eye — da ist od. steckt mehr dahinter, als man zuerst denkt

    5) (experience) stoßen auf (+ Akk.) [Widerstand, Problem]; ernten [Gelächter, Drohungen]

    meet [one's] death or one's end/disaster/one's fate — den Tod finden (geh.) /von einer Katastrophe/seinem Schicksal ereilt werden (geh.)

    6) (satisfy) entsprechen (+ Dat.) [Forderung, Wunsch]; einhalten [Termin, Zeitplan]
    7) (pay) decken [Kosten, Auslagen]; bezahlen [Rechnung]
    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (come face to face) (by chance) sich (Dat.) begegnen; (by arrangement) sich treffen
    2) (assemble) [Komitee, Ausschuss usw.:] tagen
    3) (come together) [Bahnlinien, Straßen usw.:] aufeinander treffen; [Flüsse] zusammenfließen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    begegnen adj.
    entsprechen adj. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: met)
    = begegnen (+Dat.) v.
    begegnen v.
    sich treffen v.
    sich versammeln v.
    treffen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: traf, getroffen)

    English-german dictionary > meet

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